• blood flow dynamics
• joint contracture
• range of motion
• vascular endothelial growth factor
• von Willebrand factor

• Animals
• Femoral Artery/physiopathology
• Rats, Wistar
• Rats
• von Willebrand Factor/metabolism
• von Willebrand Factor/analysis
• Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
• Hemodynamics
• Contracture/physiopathology
• Range of Motion, Articular
• Disease Models, Animal
• Physical Conditioning, Animal
• Ointments
• Male

• LGA
• SGA
• exercise
• gestational diabetes
• hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

• Humans
• Pregnancy
• Female
• Pregnancy Trimester, First
• Exercise/physiology
• Adult
• Prospective Studies
• Infant, Newborn
• Birth Weight/physiology
• Infant, Small for Gestational Age
• Pregnancy Outcome/epidemiology
• Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology
• Pregnancy Complications/diagnosis
• Pregnancy Complications/physiopathology
• Diabetes, Gestational/epidemiology
• Diabetes, Gestational/physiopathology
• Diabetes, Gestational/diagnosis
• Pre-Eclampsia/epidemiology
• Pre-Eclampsia/diagnosis
• Pre-Eclampsia/physiopathology
• Fetal Macrosomia/epidemiology
• Cohort Studies
• Logistic Models
• Infant, Newborn, Diseases/epidemiology
• Infant, Newborn, Diseases/diagnosis
• Infant, Newborn, Diseases/physiopathology
• Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced/epidemiology
• Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced/physiopathology
• Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced/diagnosis

• K23 HD098315 NICHD NIH HHS

• HIIT
• aquatic HIIT
• hemodynamics
• middle-aged men
• vascular function

• Diet
• Framingham risk score
• high-risk subjects
• yoga

• Anabolic
• Body composition
• Function
• Oxygen uptake
• Skeletal muscle

• 100578 National Heart Foundation of Australia
• APP1080914 National Health and Medical Research Council

• Hypertension
• Patterns
• Physical activity
• Timing

• Male
• Humans
• Adult
• Middle Aged
• Aged
• Female
• Hypertension
• Biological Specimen Banks
• Exercise
• Risk Factors
• United Kingdom

• WJ2021Q012 the Young Talents Project of Hubei Provincial Health Commission, China
• D20212602 Science and Technology Program of Hubei Province
• 2019ZD12 Xiangyang Science and Technology Plan Project, China

• activity behaviors
• biological plausibility
• physical activity
• pulse wave velocity
• sedentary behavior
• sleep

• Vascular Stiffness
• Activity Cycles
• Exercise/physiology
• Sleep/physiology
• Cardiovascular System
• Accelerometry

• R01 HL157187 NHLBI NIH HHS
• R01 HL162805 NHLBI NIH HHS
• HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

• Dynamic model
• Endothelial cells
• Nitric oxide
• Reactive oxygen species
• Wall shear stress

• Endothelial cell mechanobiology
• Hemodynamic similarity
• Input impedance
• Lumped parameter model
• Multi-component microfluidic system distributed parameter model

Objective: To investigate the mechanisms of wall shear stress (WSS) responsible for the effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on vascular endothelial function in young obese males.

Methods: A within-subject study design was used. We examined the response of the reactive hyperemia index (RHI) to acute HIIE in young obese males (n = 20, age = 20.38 ± 1.40 years, body mass index [BMI] = 31.22 ± 3.57, body fat percentage [BF (%)] = 31.76 ± 3.57). WSS was manipulated using 100, 80, or 60 mmHg cuff inflation during the HIIE to determine the proper inflation capable of maintaining WSS near baseline levels. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance and LSD post hoc tests were performed to compare changes in WSS and vascular endothelial function at baseline HIIE and following HIIE using different cuff inflations.

Results: There were no significant differences in RHI and WSS between the three cuff inflation values (p > 0.05). WSS was significantly higher in obese male individuals after HIIE and HIIE with 100 mmHg cuff inflation (p = 0.018, p = 0.005) than that at baseline, with no significant differences observed comparing HIIE and HIIE with 100 mmHg inflation (p = 0.23). The RHI after HIIE was significantly higher (p = 0.012) than that at baseline, while no significant differences were detected after HIIE at 100 mmHg (p = 0.91). The RHI was significantly lower after HIIE with 100 mmHg than that after HIIE (p = 0.007). WSS (p = 0.004) and RHI (p = 0.017) were significantly higher after HIIE than that at baseline, while no significant differences were observed after HIIE with either 80 or 60 mmHg cuff inflation (baseline vs. HIIE + 80 mmHg: WSS: p = 0.33, RHI: p = 0.38; baseline vs. HIIE + 60 mmHg: WSS: p = 0.58, RHI: p = 0.45). WSS was similar to HIIE, after HIIE with either 80 or 60 mmHg inflation (p = 0.36, p = 0.40). However, RHI was significantly higher for HIIE than for HIIE with both 80 and 60 mmHg inflation (p = 0.011, p = 0.006).

Conclusion: HIIE could significantly improve WSS and vascular endothelial function. HIIE intervention with 60 or 80 mmHg inflation might enhance WSS near the baseline level. HIIE-induced acute changes in WSS may provide the primary physiological stimulus for vascular endothelial adaptation to HIIE in young obese males.

• National Natural Science Foundation of China

• autonomic response
• electrodermal activity
• fight or flight
• lateralization
• threat response

• Gouvernement du Canada | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)

• Sitting
• blood flow
• endothelial dysfunction
• endothelial function
• flow-mediated dilation
• shear rate

Endothelial dysfunction is the first pathophysiological step of atherosclerosis, which is responsible for 90% of strokes. Exercise programs aim to reduce the risk of developing stroke; however, the majority of the beneficial factors of exercise are still unknown. Endothelial shear stress (ESS) is associated with endothelial homeostasis. Unfortunately, ESS has not been characterized during different exercise modalities and intensities in the carotid artery. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine exercise-induced blood flow patterns in the carotid artery. Fourteen apparently healthy young adults (males = 7, females = 7) were recruited for this repeated measures study design. Participants completed maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) tests on a Treadmill, Cycle-ergometer, and Arm-ergometer, and 1-repetition maximum (1RM) tests of the Squat, Bench Press (Bench), and Biceps Curl (Biceps) on separate days. Thereafter, participants performed each exercise at 3 different exercise intensities (low, moderate, high) while a real-time ultrasound image and blood flow of the carotid artery was obtained. Blood flow patterns were assessed by estimating ESS via Womersley’s estimation and turbulence via Reynold’s number (Re). Data were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. Pairwise comparisons with Holm-Bonferroni correction were conducted with Hedge’s g effect size to determine the magnitude of the difference. There was a main effect of intensity, exercise modality, and intensity * exercise modality interaction on both ESS (p < 0.001). Treadmill at a high intensity yielded the greatest ESS when compared to the other exercise modalities and intensities, while Bench Press and Biceps curls yielded the least ESS. All exercise intensities across all modalities resulted in turbulent blood flow. Clinicians must take into consideration how different exercise modalities and intensities affect ESS and Re of the carotid artery.

• SC2 GM140952 NIGMS NIH HHS
• National Institute of General Medical Sciences

• Ankle-brachial index
• Arterial stiffness
• Calcium score
• Circulating biomarkers
• Endothelial dysfunction
• Intima-media thickness

• cerebral blood flow
• endurance training
• heritability
• individual response
• resistance training

• Blood pressure
• eccentric cycling
• high-intensity interval training
• lipid profile
• metabolic syndrome

We examined the effects of aging and exercise habits on the ocular blood flow (OBF) and its profiles throughout the optic nerve head region and choroidal area. We hypothesized that exercise habits reduce the stiffness of vessels in the ocular circulation, which generally increases with aging.

Participants in a medical checkup program (698 males and 192 females aged 28 to 80 years) were categorized into 2 groups (with and without exercise habits) based on participant self-reporting and the definition of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan (MHLW). OBF in the right eye was measured and analyzed using laser speckle flowgraphy. The blowout time (BOT), which is the time during which the blood flow is higher than half of the mean of the minimum and maximum signals during one heartbeat, was calculated as an index of the blood flow profile. BOT has been used as an indicator of the flexibility of blood vessels.

BOT significantly decreased with aging. Neither the self-reported nor MHLW-based exercise habits significantly affected the ocular circulation.

These results indicate that the stiffness of the ocular vessels increases with aging, and this cannot be prevented by exercise habits.

• Aging/physiology
• Blood Flow Velocity/physiology
• Female
• Habits
• Humans
• Laser-Doppler Flowmetry/methods
• Male
• Optic Disk/blood supply
• Regional Blood Flow/physiology

• japan society for the promotion of science

The treatment and prevention of hypertension has been a worldwide medical challenge. The key pathological hallmark of hypertension is altered arterial vascular structure and function, i.e., increased peripheral vascular resistance due to vascular remodeling. The aim of this review is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of vascular remodeling in hypertension and the protective mechanisms of aerobic exercise against vascular remodeling during the pathological process of hypertension. The main focus is on the mechanisms of oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathological condition of hypertension and vascular phenotypic transformation induced by the trilaminar structure of vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix, and the peripheral adipose layer of the vasculature. To further explore the possible mechanisms by which aerobic exercise ameliorates vascular remodeling in the pathological process of hypertension through anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and thus inhibiting vascular phenotypic transformation. It provides a new perspective to reveal the intervention targets of vascular remodeling for the prevention and treatment of hypertension and its complications.

• National Natural Science Foundation of China
• Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities

Compelling research has documented how the circadian system is essential for the maintenance of several key biological processes including homeostasis, cardiovascular control, and glucose metabolism. Circadian clock disruptions, or losses of rhythmicity, have been implicated in the development of several diseases, premature ageing, and are regarded as health risks. Redox reactions involving reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) regulate several physiological functions such as cell signalling and the immune response. However, oxidative stress is associated with the pathological effects of RONS, resulting in a loss of cell signalling and damaging modifications to important molecules such as DNA. Direct connections have been established between circadian rhythms and oxidative stress on the basis that disruptions to circadian rhythms can affect redox biology, and vice versa, in a bi-directional relationship. For instance, the expression and activity of several key antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, and CAT) appear to follow circadian patterns. Consequently, the ability to unravel these interactions has opened an exciting area of redox biology. Exercise exerts numerous benefits to health and, as a potent environmental cue, has the capacity to adjust disrupted circadian systems. In fact, the response to a given exercise stimulus may also exhibit circadian variation. At the same time, the relationship between exercise, RONS, and oxidative stress has also been scrutinised, whereby it is clear that exercise-induced RONS can elicit both helpful and potentially harmful health effects that are dependent on the type, intensity, and duration of exercise. To date, it appears that the emerging interface between circadian rhythmicity and oxidative stress/redox metabolism has not been explored in relation to exercise. This review aims to summarise the evidence supporting the conceptual link between the circadian clock, oxidative stress/redox homeostasis, and exercise stimuli. We believe carefully designed investigations of this nexus are required, which could be harnessed to tackle theories concerned with, for example, the existence of an optimal time to exercise to accrue physiological benefits.

• Sleep disorders
• endothelial function
• exercise intervention
• vascular stiffness

• cerebral blood flow
• cerebrovascular function
• endurance training
• exercise
• resistance training

• Coronary artery disease
• Endothelial shear stress
• Endothelium
• Exercise
• Flow-mediated dilation
• Hemodynamics

Prehypertension is a precursor for developing hypertension and is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Yoga therapy may have a role in lowering the blood pressures in prehypertension and hypertension. This systematic review aims to synthesize the available literature for the same. Methodology. Databases such as PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for randomised control trials only in the time duration of 2010–2021. The main outcome of interest was systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Articles were screened based on the inclusion criteria, and 8 articles were recruited for the review. Meta-analysis was done for suitable articles. RevMan 5.4 by Cochrane was used for meta-analysis and forest plot construction. Risk of bias was determined using the Downs and Black checklist by three independent authors.

The meta-analysis of the articles favoured yoga intervention over the control intervention. Yoga therapy had significantly reduced the systolic pressure (−0.62 standard mean difference, at IV fixed 95% CI: −0.83, −0.41) and diastolic pressure (−0.81 standard mean difference, at IV random 95% CI: −1.39, −0.22). Secondary outcome measures studied were heart rate, weight, BMI, waist circumference, and lipid profile. The main protocol of yoga therapy included postures, breathing exercises, and different meditation techniques. A significant reduction in secondary outcomes was observed, except for HDL values in lipid profile which showed a gradual increase in yoga group in comparison with alternative therapy.

Yoga therapy has shown to be significant in the reduction of systolic and diastolic pressure in prehypertensive population. Supporting evidence lacks in providing a proper structured dosage of yoga asanas and breathing techniques. Considering the existing literature and evidence, Yoga therapy can be used and recommended in prehypertensive population and can be beneficial in reducing the chances of developing hypertension or cardiovascular diseases.

• aging
• atherosclerosis
• cardiovascular disease
• testosterone
• vascular smooth muscle

• Circulating microparticles
• Exercise
• Healthy subjects

• Blood Platelets
• Case-Control Studies
• Cell-Derived Microparticles
• Exercise
• Healthy Volunteers
• Humans
• Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

• cardiovascular diseases
• respiratory tract diseases
• diseases
• respiratory signs and symptoms

• Aged
• Disease Progression
• Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
• Exercise Tolerance
• Female
• Humans
• Linear Models
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Prognosis
• Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology
• Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/rehabilitation
• Severity of Illness Index
• Walk Test

• Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
• Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

• arterial compliance
• children
• endothelial (dys) function
• physical activity
• physical fitness
• sedentariness

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is closely related to arterial elasticity and hemodynamics. Exercises have been reported to immediately decrease arterial apparent elasticity and regulate hemodynamic variables. However, the relationship between them and exercise intensity remains elusive. The purpose of this study was to determine the acute effects of different intensities of acute cycling exercise on carotid arterial apparent elasticity and hemodynamics.

32 healthy men (age: 19.4 ± 0.6 years) attended the laboratory on five occasions and completed cycling acute exercise for 20 minutes at five intensities (40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% heart rate reserve (HRR)). At the right carotid artery, center-line velocity and arterial inner diameter waveforms were examined before and immediately after exercise. Based upon the measured data, the classical hemodynamic theory was used to calculate the apparent elasticity and the local hemodynamic variables.

The arterial apparent stiffness and the apparent elastic modulus following acute cycling exercise at 60% to 80% HRR were significantly higher than baseline. The mean center-line velocity accelerated from 50% to 80% HRR, but no intensity of intervention altered mean blood flow. Immediately after intervention, the mean wall shear stress and oscillatory shear index increased.

Aerobic cycling intervention, with intensity from 40% to 80% HRR, did not change the brain blood supply. A bout of cycling intervention decreased apparent elasticity, and there was an intensity-dependent effect on apparent elasticity and hemodynamic variables. This study would provide referable data for the further study on the effects of aerobic exercise on arterial hemodynamics and elasticity and underlying physiological mechanisms.

• arteries
• blood flow
• sedentary behavior

• blood flow
• capillary perfusion
• hyperinsulinemia
• physical activity
• vascular conductance

• athletes
• blood flow
• endothelial dysfunction
• flow-mediated dilation
• physical activity
• runners
• vasodilation
• weightlifters

• cardiac risk factors and prevention
• chronic coronary disease
• epidemiology
• stroke

• Adult
• Age Factors
• Aged
• Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis
• Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology
• China/epidemiology
• Famine
• Female
• Humans
• Incidence
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Pregnancy
• Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
• Prospective Studies
• Respiratory Tract Diseases/diagnosis
• Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology
• Risk Assessment
• Risk Factors
• Rural Health
• Time Factors
• Urban Health

• 212946/Z/18/Z Wellcome Trust
• 29186 Cancer Research UK
• MC_UU_12026/2 Medical Research Council
• 202922/Z/16/Z Wellcome Trust
• MC_UU_00017/1 Medical Research Council
• MC_U137686851 Medical Research Council
• Wellcome Trust
• 104085/Z/14/Z Wellcome Trust
• 088158 Wellcome Trust
• Kadoorie Charitable Foundation in Hong Kong
• National Key R&D Program of China
• National Natural Science Foundation of China
• Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China

• arteries
• athletes
• doppler
• lower limb
• ultrasonography
• velocities

• Adult
• Arteries/physiology
• Athletes/statistics & numerical data
• Blood Flow Velocity
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Humans
• Lower Extremity/blood supply
• Male
• Portugal
• Soccer
• Ultrasonography, Doppler
• Young Adult

• exercise training
• venous capacitance
• venous distensibility
• venous outflow

• Ankle/blood supply
• Ankle/physiology
• Blood Pressure
• Endurance Training/adverse effects
• Endurance Training/methods
• Female
• Forearm/blood supply
• Forearm/physiology
• Heart Rate
• Humans
• Male
• Regional Blood Flow
• Veins/physiology
• Young Adult

Impaired vascular endothelial function has attracted attention as a prognostic indicator of cardiovascular prevention. The association between impaired endothelial function and cardiovascular risk in the asymptomatic population, however, has been poorly explored. We evaluated the association of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) with Framingham-estimated 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in subjects free of CVD, especially by cardiovascular risk profiles. In total, 680 adults aged 30-74 years were enrolled from Rongan and Rongshui of Liuzhou, Guangxi, China, through a cross-sectional study in 2015. In the full-adjusted model, the odds ratio for the estimated 10-year CVD risk comparing the low FMD (<6%) with the high FMD (≥10%) was 2.81 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21, 6.53; P for trend = 0.03). In subgroup analyses, inverse associations between FMD and the estimated 10-year CVD risk were found in participants with specific characteristics. The adjusted odds ratios, comparing the 25th and the 75th percentiles of FMD, were 2.77 (95% CI: 1.54, 5.00) for aged ≥60 years, 1.77 (95% CI: 1.16, 2.70) for female, 1.59 (95% CI: 1.08, 2.35) for nonsmokers, 1.74 (95% CI: 1.02, 2.97) for hypertension, 1.59 (95% CI: 1.04, 2.44) for normal glycaemia, 2.03 (95% CI: 1.19, 3.48) for C-reactive protein ≥10 mg/L, and 1.85 (95% CI: 1.12, 3.06) for eGFR <106 mL/minute per 1.73 m². Therefore, impaired endothelial function is associated with increased CVD risk in asymptomatic adults. This inverse association is more likely to exist in subjects with higher cardiovascular risk.

Vasomotor response is related to the capacity of the vessel to maintain vascular tone within a narrow range. Two main control mechanisms are involved: the autonomic control of the sympathetic neural drive (global control) and the endothelial smooth cells capacity to respond to mechanical stress by releasing vasoactive factors (peripheral control). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of respiratory muscle training (RMT) on vasomotor response, assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and heart rate variability, in young healthy females. The hypothesis was that RMT could enhance the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic neural drive and reduce vessel shear stress. Thus, twenty-four women were randomly assigned to either RMT or SHAM group. Maximal inspiratory mouth pressure and maximum voluntary ventilation were utilized to assess the effectiveness of the RMT program, which consisted of three sessions of isocapnic hyperventilation/ week for eight weeks, (twenty-four training sessions). Heart rate variability assessed autonomic balance, a global factor regulating the vasomotor response. Endothelial function was determined by measuring brachial artery vasodilation normalized by shear rate (%FMD/SR). After RMT, but not SHAM, maximal inspiratory mouth pressure and maximum voluntary ventilation increased significantly (+31% and +16%, respectively). Changes in heart rate variability were negligible in both groups. Only RMT exhibited a significant increase in %FMD/SR (+45%; p<0.05). These data suggest a positive effect of RMT on vasomotor response that may be due to a reduction in arterial shear stress, and not through modulation of sympatho-vagal balance.

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Brachial Artery/physiology
• Breathing Exercises/methods
• Female
• Heart Rate/physiology
• Humans
• Hyperemia/physiopathology
• Hyperventilation/physiopathology
• Maximal Voluntary Ventilation/physiology
• Respiratory Muscles/physiology
• Vasodilation/physiology
• Vasomotor System/physiology
• Young Adult

This paper studied the alterations in arterial stiffness and hemodynamic responses during resting state and immediately following acute cycling intervention at different times across 12-week supervised exercise training. Twenty-six sedentary young males participated in the exercise training program at moderate intensity. Arterial stiffness and hemodynamic variables of the right common carotid artery were measured and computed during resting state and immediately following acute cycling intervention at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12. Across the 12-week exercise training, carotid arterial stiffness was decreased at weeks 8 and 12 and hemodynamic variables were improved at week 12 during resting state. In response to acute cycling intervention, carotid arterial stiffness exhibited an acute increase foremost at 8 weeks, and arterial maximal and mean diameters showed acute decreases at weeks 0 and 4. Despite significant differences in arterial stiffness and hemodynamic variables between resting state and immediately after acute intervention for each time period, these differences presented a progressive decrease across the 12-week exercise training. In conclusion, long-term exercise training not only improved carotid arterial stiffness and hemodynamic alterations when at rest but also negated the acute responses of carotid arterial stiffness and hemodynamic variables to acute cycling intervention.

• Acute exercise
• Aerobic exercises
• Middle-age
• Nitric oxide
• Pulse wave velocity
• Vasodilator

• Exercise
• Vascular smooth muscle cell
• microRNA

• Animals
• Cells, Cultured
• Hypertension/metabolism
• Hypertension/pathology
• Hypertension/prevention & control
• MicroRNAs/physiology
• Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
• Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
• Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
• Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
• Phenotype
• Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology
• Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/physiology
• Rats
• Rats, Inbred SHR
• Rats, Inbred WKY