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1
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How Salmonella Typhi's typhoid toxin causes encephalopathy. Nat Microbiol 2025:10.1038/s41564-025-02014-7. [PMID: 40341335 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-025-02014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2025]
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2
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Zhao H, Catarino J, Stack G, Albizu AK, Lara-Tejero M, Horvath TL, Galán JE. Typhoid toxin causes neuropathology by disrupting the blood-brain barrier. Nat Microbiol 2025:10.1038/s41564-025-02000-z. [PMID: 40341334 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-025-02000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2025] [Indexed: 05/10/2025]
Abstract
Typhoid fever, primarily caused by Salmonella Typhi, can result in severe life-threatening complications such as encephalopathy. Here we elucidate the mechanisms by which typhoid toxin, a unique virulence factor of S. Typhi, mediates the neuropathology associated with typhoid fever. Utilizing mice engineered to have specific tissues protected from toxin action and an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), we demonstrate that, rather than direct action on neuronal or glial cells, typhoid toxin causes neuropathology by disrupting the BBB. Intravenous tracer studies confirmed significant BBB permeability changes following toxin exposure, an effect we found to be mediated by typhoid toxin's CdtB catalytic subunit. We demonstrate that corticosteroids are effective at mitigating BBB disruption in vivo, supporting their use for managing typhoid fever neurological complications. Our data reveal mechanistic insight into how typhoid toxin causes encephalopathy and suggest targeted therapeutic interventions to alleviate the severe neurological manifestations of typhoid fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhao
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonatas Catarino
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Max Plank Institute for Metabolic Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabrielle Stack
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Elly Lilly and Company, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ashley Kristant Albizu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maria Lara-Tejero
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jorge E Galán
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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3
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Saha S, Prajapati DG, Mishra A. Amphiphilic polymer coated carbon nanotubes: A promising platform against Salmonella typhi. Microb Pathog 2025; 202:107411. [PMID: 39993548 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2025] [Accepted: 02/21/2025] [Indexed: 02/26/2025]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are an excellent example of new nanostructures that can penetrate bacterial cell walls. Its remarkable physical features and potent antibacterial activity make it a promising candidate for various applications. However, two significant barriers currently limit the antibacterial potential of CNTs in medical devices: cell toxicity and CNTs aggregation within a polymer matrix. In this study, a simple and cost-effective method was proposed to synthesize multi-walled carbon nanotubes-g-[poly(ethylene glycol)-bpoly(ε-caprolactone)] (PEG-PCL@CNTs) using biocompatible amphiphilic PEG-PCL diblock copolymer via non-covalent functionalization. Furthermore, time-killing kinetic, ROS generation experiments and SEM analysis demonstrated that PEG-PCL@CNTs exhibited antibacterial activities against S. typhi strains through cell membrane disruption with the release of cellular contents and ROS generation. Excellent hemocompatibility with decreased hemolysis ratios was demonstrated by the PEG-PCL@CNTs nanohybrid materials. Thus, PEG-PCL incorporation may successfully lessen both bacterial adhesion and the toxicity of CNT to human cells. These findings suggest a new avenue for rational design of polymer-functionalization of carbon nanomaterials as therapeutic agents for bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Saha
- Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Science and Humanities, GLA University, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Deepak G Prajapati
- Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Abhijit Mishra
- Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, India
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4
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Krueger S, Carcella M, Dillon C, McBride D. Salmonella Endocarditis: Rare Bacteremia Causing Mural Infective Endocarditis. Case Rep Infect Dis 2025; 2025:3830316. [PMID: 40260399 PMCID: PMC12011455 DOI: 10.1155/crdi/3830316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2025] [Indexed: 04/23/2025] Open
Abstract
Current guidelines do not recommend routine cardiac imaging in patients with gram-negative bacteremia, as gram-negative infective endocarditis is rare. Nongastrointestinal Salmonella infections causing endocarditis are even more uncommon, especially in the developed world. We present the case of a 60-year-old female with Salmonella bacteremia, ultimately found to have a right atrial mural endocarditis involving an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and an indwelling venous catheter. The vegetation and indwelling devices were removed from the operating room due to the high concern of embolization if performed percutaneously, and she completed 6 weeks of antibiotic therapy. Both indwelling devices were later replaced once treatment was completed, and there was no evidence of recurrence at the 8-month follow-up. This case proves that in those with cardiac implantable electronic devices and other indwelling devices which enter the heart, who are found to have atypical bacteremia, may benefit from cardiac imaging as a part of their workup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Krueger
- Internal Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville 18722, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Carcella
- Internal Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville 18722, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Caroline Dillon
- Pharmacology Infectious Disease, Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville 18722, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Darrell McBride
- Infectious Disease, Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville 18722, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Bhaskar M, Mohanty A, Sistla S, Dasari P. Bilateral ovarian abscesses due to Salmonella Paratyphi A in a patient with endometriosis in Southern India: a diagnostic dilemma. BMJ Case Rep 2025; 18:e263173. [PMID: 40204500 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2024-263173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Enteric fever is a multisystem febrile illness caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi, Paratyphi A, B and C. It is usually transmitted through contaminated food and water. The disease usually manifests as a febrile illness with bacteraemia after the initial entry through the gastrointestinal tract. However, extraintestinal seeding of this pathogen can occur in rare instances. Here, we report a case of chocolate cysts of the ovaries which was infected with Salmonella Paratyphi A in a sexually active woman with a previous history of enteric fever that was neglected. We review the key features of this case and the last literature on ovarian abscess due to Salmonella sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maanasa Bhaskar
- Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Ankita Mohanty
- Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Sujatha Sistla
- Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Papa Dasari
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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6
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Bahrami M, Serati Shirazi P, Moradi F, Hadi N, Sabbaghi N, Eslaminezhad S. How nanomaterials act against bacterial structures? a narrative review focusing on nanoparticle molecular mechanisms. Microb Pathog 2024; 196:107002. [PMID: 39393474 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.107002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In recent years, significant progress has been made in the field of nanotechnology for the treatment and prevention of biofilm formation and Multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR). MDR bacteria challenges is hazardous when microorganisms induce the formation of biofilms, which amplify resistance to antibiotics and promote the development of multidrug-resistant conditions. The unique physicochemical properties of certain nanomaterials make nanotechnology a promising option for combating MDR infections. Several studies have introduced nanomaterials with different antibacterial mechanisms that can effectively destroy MDR bacteria and their biofilms. This study reviews the research results, focusing on the various nanoparticle mechanisms that target bacterial structures. METHOD To accomplish this study, we conducted investigations to gather articles and relevant studies from validated medical databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The selected publications from 2007 to 2023. In this review, we provide a brief overview of nanoparticles, their mechanisms, and how they function against the structure of bacteria. Furthermore, we discuss the recent advancements in using certain nanoparticles to combat infection-induced biofilms and complications caused by multidrug resistance. FINDING Our findings demonstrate that various nanoparticles have the potential to effectively overcome bacterial infectious diseases by targeting biofilms and antibiotic-resistant strains. Additionally, the development of a new drug delivery approach based on nanosystems shows promise in overcoming antibiotic resistance and biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Bahrami
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parisa Serati Shirazi
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farhad Moradi
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Nahal Hadi
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Sabbaghi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Sahba Eslaminezhad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran; Pars Biotech Research & Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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7
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Garrido Rodríguez M, Alonso-Cadenas JA, Gómez B, Gangoiti I, Hernández-Bou S, de la Torre Espí M, Bacteremia Study Working Group from the Infectious Diseases Working Group, Spanish Society of Pediatric Emergencies (SEUP). Salmonella Bacteremia in Spanish Pediatric Emergency Departments: Uncommon But Not Mild. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024; 43:825-830. [PMID: 38709997 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella spp. is an uncommon microorganism in bloodstream infections among pediatric patients in our setting, although in developing countries it is the most common causative organism in blood cultures. METHODS We describe the children presenting to pediatric emergency departments and diagnosed with Salmonella bacteremia (SB) and identify clinical and laboratory predictors of poor outcome (ie, complications, sequelae and death) by bivariate analysis. We performed an observational study and subanalysis of a multicenter prospective registry, including patients <18 years of age with a positive blood culture obtained at any of the 22 participating Spanish pediatric emergency departments between 2011 and 2016. We considered young age, chronic diseases, immunosuppressive treatment and intestinal flora disruption as risk factors for SB. RESULTS Of the 55 patients with SB (3.2% of registered bacteremia), 32 (58.2%) had no risk factors for SB, 42 (76.3%) had a normal pediatric assessment triangle and 45 (81.8%) an associated gastrointestinal infection (acute gastroenteritis or enteric fever). Nine (16.4%) had a poor outcome, including 1 death (1.8%). A poor outcome was more common in patients with an abnormal pediatric assessment triangle [odds ratio (OR): 51.6; 95% confidence interval (CI): 9.2-289.5], an altered physical examination (OR: 15.2; 95% CI: 4.4-58.8) and elevated C-reactive protein (OR: 1.01; 95% CI: 1.005-1.03). CONCLUSIONS Most SBs were related to a gastrointestinal infection. One in 6 children had a poor outcome; abnormal pediatric assessment triangle on arrival (25% of patients) was the main risk factor identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Garrido Rodríguez
- From the Pediatric Emergency Department, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Borja Gómez
- Pediatric Emergency Department, Hospital Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Iker Gangoiti
- Pediatric Emergency Department, Hospital Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Susanna Hernández-Bou
- Pediatric Emergency Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
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8
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Van Ochten N, deQuillfeldt NP, Edward JA, Meyer M, Bollinger D, Le P, Frasca K, Garcia Rivera MV, Moudgal AN, Rogers K. Challenging chest pain: salmonella myopericarditis. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e260573. [PMID: 39181573 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2024-260573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infections have been associated with cardiovascular complications, including myocarditis and myopericarditis. This presentation of Salmonella myopericarditis highlights key clinical features to aid in diagnosis and the importance of prompt treatment with antibiotics, colchicine and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Van Ochten
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Natalie P deQuillfeldt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Justin A Edward
- Department of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marita Meyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel Bollinger
- University of Colorado Medical School, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Preston Le
- University of Colorado Medical School, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katherine Frasca
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mirian V Garcia Rivera
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anita N Moudgal
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kevin Rogers
- Department of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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9
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Lv N, Ni J, Fang S, Liu Y, Wan S, Sun C, Li J, Zhou A. Potential Convergence to Accommodate Pathogenicity Determinants and Antibiotic Resistance Revealed in Salmonella Mbandaka. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1667. [PMID: 39203510 PMCID: PMC11357217 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella species are causal pathogens instrumental in human food-borne diseases. The pandemic survey related to multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella genomics enables the prevention and control of their dissemination. Currently, serotype Mbandaka is notorious as a multiple host-adapted non-typhoid Salmonella. However, its epidemic and MDR properties are still obscure, especially its genetic determinants accounting for virulence and MD resistance. Here, we aim to characterize the genetic features of a strain SMEH pertaining to Salmonella Mbandaka (S. Mbandaka), isolated from the patient's hydropericardium, using cell infections, a mouse model, antibiotic susceptibility test and comparative genomics. The antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that it could tolerate four antibiotics, including chloramphenicol, tetracycline, fisiopen and doxycycline by Kirby-Bauer (K-B) testing interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Both the reproducibility in RAW 264.7 macrophages and invasion ability to infect HeLa cells with strain SMEH were higher than those of S. Typhimurium strain 14028S. In contrast, its attenuated virulence was determined in the survival assay using a mouse model. As a result, the candidate genetic determinants responsible for antimicrobial resistance, colonization/adaptability and their transferability were comparatively investigated, such as bacterial secretion systems and pathogenicity islands (SPI-1, SPI-2 and SPI-6). Moreover, collective efforts were made to reveal a potential role of the plasmid architectures in S. Mbandaka as the genetic reservoir to transfer or accommodate drug-resistance genes. Our findings highlight the essentiality of antibiotic resistance and risk assessment in S. Mbandaka. In addition, genomic surveillance is an efficient method to detect pathogens and monitor drug resistance. The genetic determinants accounting for virulence and antimicrobial resistance underscore the increasing clinical challenge of emerging MDR Mbandaka isolates, and provide insights into their prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lv
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Product and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.L.); (S.F.); (S.W.); (C.S.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Jinjing Ni
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
| | - Shiqi Fang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Product and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.L.); (S.F.); (S.W.); (C.S.)
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China;
| | - Shuang Wan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Product and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.L.); (S.F.); (S.W.); (C.S.)
| | - Chao Sun
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Product and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.L.); (S.F.); (S.W.); (C.S.)
| | - Jun Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Product and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.L.); (S.F.); (S.W.); (C.S.)
| | - Aiping Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200123, China
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Nguyen D, Le ZHM, Ranasinghe S. Salmonella Subcutaneous Abscess: A Rare Complication Post Salmonella Gastroenteritis. Cureus 2024; 16:e52945. [PMID: 38406137 PMCID: PMC10894045 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a gram-negative bacilli bacterium that can infect and colonize humans, causing a wide range of clinical manifestations. The most common manifestation is gastroenteritis, usually after ingestion of undercooked and ill-prepared food, particularly in developing countries. Indonesia is among those reported to have a high incidence of Salmonella infection. Uncommonly, extraintestinal manifestations can affect distant body sites, either during or after the episode of bacteremia. This case report presents a rare case of a healthy 19-year-old female who developed an atypical chest wall abscess colonized by Salmonella in the context of experiencing gastroenteritis three weeks prior on her return from Bali, Indonesia. This case highlights the indolent course associated with a Salmonella chest wall abscess with a discussion of the current literature and management.
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Chatterjee R, Chowdhury AR, Mukherjee D, Chakravortty D. From Eberthella typhi to Salmonella Typhi: The Fascinating Journey of the Virulence and Pathogenicity of Salmonella Typhi. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:25674-25697. [PMID: 37521659 PMCID: PMC10373206 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), the invasive typhoidal serovar of Salmonella enterica that causes typhoid fever in humans, is a severe threat to global health. It is one of the major causes of high morbidity and mortality in developing countries. According to recent WHO estimates, approximately 11-21 million typhoid fever illnesses occur annually worldwide, accounting for 0.12-0.16 million deaths. Salmonella infection can spread to healthy individuals by the consumption of contaminated food and water. Typhoid fever in humans sometimes is accompanied by several other critical extraintestinal complications related to the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, pulmonary system, and hepatobiliary system. Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-1 and Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-2 are the two genomic segments containing genes encoding virulent factors that regulate its invasion and systemic pathogenesis. This Review aims to shed light on a comparative analysis of the virulence and pathogenesis of the typhoidal and nontyphoidal serovars of S. enterica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Chatterjee
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Debapriya Mukherjee
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
- Centre
for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
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Hariharan V, Chowdhury AR, Rao S S, Chakravortty D, Basu S. phoP maintains the environmental persistence and virulence of pathogenic bacteria in mechanically stressed desiccated droplets. iScience 2023; 26:106580. [PMID: 37168573 PMCID: PMC10164896 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive studies on kinematic features of impacting drops, the effect of mechanical stress on desiccated bacteria-laden droplets remains unexplored. In the present study, we unveiled the consequences of the impaction of bacteria-laden droplets on solid surfaces and their subsequent desiccation on the virulence of an enteropathogen Salmonella typhimurium (STM). The methodology elucidated the deformation, cell-cell interactions, adhesion energy, and roughness in bacteria induced by impact velocity and low moisture because of evaporation. Salmonella retrieved from the dried droplets were used to understand fomite-mediated pathogenesis. The impact velocity-induced mechanical stress deteriorated the in vitro viability of Salmonella. Of interest, an uninterrupted bacterial proliferation was observed in macrophages at higher mechanical stress. Wild-type Salmonella under mechanical stress induced the expression of phoP whereas infecting macrophages. The inability of STM ΔphoP to grow in nutrient-rich dried droplets signifies the role of phoP in sensing the mechanical stress and maintaining the virulence of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Hariharan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka State 560012, India
| | - Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka State 560012, India
| | - Srinivas Rao S
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka State 560012, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka State 560012, India
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State 695551, India
| | - Saptarshi Basu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka State 560012, India
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research (ICER), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka State 560012, India
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13
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Murray L, Venter M, Le Grange M, Meel R. Non-typhoid Salmonella endocarditis complicated by cardiac failure and acute limb ischaemia in a person living with HIV and hepatitis C: A Case Report and literature review. IDCases 2023; 32:e01747. [PMID: 36968305 PMCID: PMC10033739 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2023.e01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infections are responsible for a large burden of disease worldwide. Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) species cause a myriad of disease manifestations, particularly amongst severely immunocompromised individuals. We present a rare case of endocarditis caused by the NTS species Salmonella Enteritidis in an individual living with HIV and hepatitis C. In this case, endocarditis was complicated by embolization and acute arterial occlusion of the left arm, as well as mitral valve perforation resulting in cardiac failure. A review of the available literature shows few cases of NTS causing endocarditis in people living with HIV, with the earliest reported case in 1983. Our case demonstrates the potential complications of NTS endocarditis and highlights the importance of evaluating patients with NTS-associated blood stream infection for cardiovascular involvement. Prompt surgical intervention in addition to appropriate antimicrobial therapy is essential to reduce the high morbidity and mortality associated with NTS endocarditis.
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14
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Intestinal and Extra-intestinal Complications of Typhoid Fever: an Update. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-023-00285-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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15
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Jamir I, Shanmugam L, Biswal N, Kadhiravan T, Hamide A, Sreerag KS, Mandal J. Bacteriuria due to Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal Salmonella: A Report of Three Cases from South India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:275-277. [PMID: 36646073 PMCID: PMC9896341 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) with Salmonella is uncommon, accounting for merely 0.01% to 0.1% of cases of UTIs. It is reported more frequently in the presence of predisposing factors such as structural abnormalities of the urinary tract or weakened immune system. We present a case series of three patients with Salmonella bacteriuria and their susceptibility patterns. All three patients had underlying urologic features such as neurogenic bladder, chronic kidney disease, and urethral stricture, and two presented with urinary tract involvement symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imola Jamir
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Lakshmi Shanmugam
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | | | | | | | - KS Sreerag
- Department of Urology, JIPMER, Puducherry, India
| | - Jharna Mandal
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
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16
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Zhang W, Wang J, Zhang Y, Ma R, Zhang Q. Salmonella enteritis Spondylitis with Brucella melitensis Infection: A Rare Case of Mixed Infections of Spine. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:6525-6531. [DOI: 10.2147/idr.s385759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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17
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Lim N, Festa M, Lade S, Britton P. Multiple Complications of Typhoid in a Returned Child Traveler. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2022; 61:741-744. [PMID: 35686371 DOI: 10.1177/00099228221103083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Lim
- Department of General Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marino Festa
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Samantha Lade
- Department of General Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip Britton
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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18
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Rehani V, Gupta S, Dhull P. Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy: A Unique Presentation of Enteric Fever. Neurol India 2022; 70:2233-2234. [PMID: 36352657 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.359232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Salil Gupta
- Command Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Pawan Dhull
- Command Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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19
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Momin Z, O'Bryant S, Meskill S. Prolonged Fever, Travel, and the Changing Examination in an 8-year-old Girl. Pediatr Rev 2022; 43:280-284. [PMID: 35490199 DOI: 10.1542/pir.2020-004044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shelease O'Bryant
- Department of Pediatrics and.,Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital/Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sarah Meskill
- Department of Pediatrics and.,Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital/Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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20
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Thakur R, Suri CR, Rishi P. Contribution of typhoid toxin in the pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhi. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105444. [PMID: 35149176 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To persist and establish infection, Salmonella utilizes a battery of different virulence determinants at every stage of infection. Typhoid toxin, a newly identified toxin in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is recognized as one of the virulence factors that has been linked with Salmonella pathogenesis. In this study, we have further investigated the role of typhoid toxin in the symptomatology of typhoid fever through in-vivo and ex-vivo studies. In mice, administration of cloned and purified typhoid toxin induces similar symptoms observed during typhoid fever such as fever, weight loss with a decrease in peripheral leucocyte count along with an increase in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Il-6, TNF-α). Results of DNA analysis, fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry of typhoid toxin-treated macrophages (ex-vivo) altogether revealed the CdtB (subunit of typhoid toxin) mediated DNA damage that led to the apoptosis of cells. Furthermore, to validate CdtB's catalytic role, macrophages were treated with typhoid toxin preincubated with anti-CdtB antibodies (generated in mice). Re-assessment of macrophage DNA by gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry analysis indicated a significant decrease in DNA damage and cells undergoing apoptosis, respectively. Moreover, a significant reduction in in-vitro DNase activity of CdtB protein was also observed on preincubating holotoxin with anti-CdtB antibodies. In total, this study highlights the role of typhoid toxin in inducing typhoid fever-like symptomatology, which may be executed through the toxin's catalytic subunit CdtB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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21
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Nabarro LE, McCann N, Herdman MT, Dugan C, Ladhani S, Patel D, Morris-Jones S, Balasegaram S, Heyderman RS, Brown M, Parry CM, Godbole G. British Infection Association Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Enteric Fever in England. J Infect 2022; 84:469-489. [PMID: 35038438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enteric fever (EF) is an infection caused by the bacteria called Salmonella Typhi or Paratyphi. Infection is acquired through swallowing contaminated food or water. Most EF in England occurs in people returning from South Asia and other places where EF is common; catching EF in England is rare. The main symptom is fever, but stomach pain, diarrhoea, muscle aches, rash and other symptoms may occur. EF is diagnosed by culturing the bacteria from blood and/or stool in a microbiology laboratory. EF usually responds well to antibiotic treatment. Depending on how unwell the individual is, antibiotics may be administered by mouth or by injection. Over the past several years, there has been an overall increase in resistance to antibiotics used to treat enteric fever, in all endemic areas. Additionally, since 2016, there has been an ongoing outbreak of drug-resistant EF in Pakistan. This infection is called extensively drug-resistant, or XDR, EF and only responds to a limited number of antibiotics. Occasionally individuals develop complications of EF including confusion, bleeding, a hole in the gut or an infection of the bones or elsewhere. Some people may continue to carry the bacteria in their stool for a longtime following treatment for the initial illness. These people may need treatment with a longer course of antibiotics to eradicate infection. Travellers can reduce their risk of acquiring EF by following safe food and water practices and by receiving the vaccine at least a few weeks before travel. These guidelines aim to help doctors do the correct tests and treat patients for enteric fever in England but may also be useful to doctors and public health professionals in other similar countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Nabarro
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; United Kingdom Health Security Agency, UK; St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; British Infection Association, UK
| | - N McCann
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - C Dugan
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S Ladhani
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, UK; Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St George's University, London, UK
| | - D Patel
- National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC), UK
| | - S Morris-Jones
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - R S Heyderman
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Brown
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - C M Parry
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; Alder Hey Hospital and Liverpool University Hospitals, Liverpool, UK; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, UK
| | - G Godbole
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; United Kingdom Health Security Agency, UK; British Infection Association, UK.
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22
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Typhoid perforation in children below 5 years: a 10-year review of cases managed and outcome. Pediatr Surg Int 2022; 38:143-148. [PMID: 34652510 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-021-05010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Typhoid perforation is still prevalent in children in developing countries. Hence, the need for a review of the morbidity and mortality from typhoid perforation in children from poor countries. AIM We review the clinical features, morbidity, and mortality of typhoid perforation in children aged ≤ 5 years in a developing country. METHODS A retrospective 10-year study of children aged ≤ 5 years with typhoid perforation in two tertiary hospitals in northeastern Nigeria. Data regarding clinical presentation, investigations, intra-operative findings, treatment, and outcome were reviewed. RESULTS Out of 221 children aged ≤ 15 years with typhoid perforation, 45 (20.4%) were aged ≤ 5 years. Fever and abdominal distension were present in all 45 (100.0%), followed by abdominal pain 33 (73.3%), constipation 19 (42.2%), diarrhoea and vomiting 18 (40.0%) and vomiting 13 (28.8%). All patients presented in second week of infection. Plain abdominal radiograph showed pneumoperitoneum suggestive of bowel perforation in 39 (86.7%) patients. Forty-one (91.1%) patients had ileal perforations with various severities of peritonitis. Out of which, 30 (73.2%) were single and 11 (26.8%) were multiple perforations. Two (4.4%) patients had peritonitis without bowel perforation, while 2 (4.4%) others had caecal, gall bladder perforations, respectively. Serious post-operative wound complications occurred in patients with severe peritonitis, multiple perforations, prolonged pre-operative resuscitation, and operation beyond 2 h. Overall, mortality rate was about 26.7% mainly in patients who had multiple perforations, severe peritonitis, prolonged pre-operative resuscitation, and operation time more than 2 h. CONCLUSION Multiple perforations, severe peritonitis, and operation time more than 2 h are poor post-operative factors that were associated with poor post-operative outcome in our patients.
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23
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Jesrani G, Gupta S, Gaba S, Gupta M. Electrocardiographic abnormalities in prevalent infections in tropical regions: A scoping review. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/2221-6189.342660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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24
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Librianto D, Suwarto S, Imran D, Pramukti H, Saleh I, Ipang F, Srie Utami W, Aprilya D. An Extremely Rare Case of Upper Thoracic Salmonella Infection. Orthop Res Rev 2021; 13:107-112. [PMID: 34393523 PMCID: PMC8357399 DOI: 10.2147/orr.s319616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vertebral osteomyelitis is rare. Finding the right etiological agent is important to administer antibiotic regimen accordingly. The occurrence of this disease in endemic countries raises the susceptibility of a more common infection such as tuberculosis and pyogenic bacteria. Salmonella spp. infection is also common in endemic countries; however, extra-intestinal manifestation is very rare. Methods We present an extremely rare case of salmonella vertebral osteomyelitis (SVO) in the upper thoracic vertebrae of a 64-year-old patient with history of cardiac surgery and other pre-existing comorbidities. SVO was treated by antibiotics, surgical debridement and spinal stabilization. Results Three weeks after surgery and intravenous antibiotics, the patient recovered and was discharged without fever and back pain, with excellent motoric improvement. Conclusion Salmonella infection must be considered to be one of possible etiological agents in patients with suggestive spondylitis in emerging countries, especially in those with comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didik Librianto
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Jakarta Spine Center, Pondok Indah Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Suhendro Suwarto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pondok Indah Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Darma Imran
- Department of Neurology, Pondok Indah Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hikmat Pramukti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pondok Indah Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ifran Saleh
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fachrisal Ipang
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Jakarta Spine Center, Pondok Indah Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Dina Aprilya
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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25
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Irfan S, Zeeshan M, Rattani S, Farooqi J, Shakoor S, Hasan R, Zafar A. Extraintestinal Seeding of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi, Pakistan. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:936-938. [PMID: 33622478 PMCID: PMC7920648 DOI: 10.3201/eid2703.200464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi strains isolated from all body sites in Pakistan during 2013–2018. Despite an increase in overall number of localized, extensively drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi in organ infections during 2018, there was no increase in the proportion of such isolates in comparison with non–extensively drug-resistant isolates.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent attempts at mapping Typhoid epidemiology have revealed an enormous burden of disease in developing countries. Countries hitherto believed to have a low incidence, such as the African subcontinent, on accurate mapping were found to have a significant burden of disease. Drug resistance, because of rampant overuse of antibiotics, has driven selection pressure to extensively drug-resistant typhoid becoming a reality in the Indian subcontinent. With widespread travel, importation of this variety of typhoid to nonendemic countries is likely to lead to outbreaks in a nonimmune population. RECENT FINDINGS A strain of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi isolated in Pakistan in 2016 has been responsible for multiple outbreaks in Pakistan and multiple travel-related cases all over the world in United States, UK, and Australia. This novel strain belongs to H58 lineage harbouring a plasmid encoding additional resistance elements like blaCTX-M-15 and a qnrS fluoroquinolone resistance gene. This resistance pattern has rendered many therapeutic options like Ceftriaxone and Fluoroquinolones clinically inactive impacting care in endemic and traveller populations alike. SUMMARY Changing epidemiology and drug resistance in typhoid indicates that it may be prudent to vaccinate nonimmune travellers travelling to typhoid endemic areas, especially the Indian subcontinent.
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27
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Neri T, Dehon M, Botelho-Nevers E, Cazorla C, Putnis S, Philippot R, Farizon F, Boyer B. Salmonella infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A case report. World J Orthop 2021; 12:246-253. [PMID: 33959488 PMCID: PMC8082509 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v12.i4.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) are rare. No cases of Salmonella infection have been described to our knowledge.
CASE SUMMARY We describe a rare case of Salmonella infection in a 23-year-old patient following an ACLR. The patient presented with subacute septic arthritis, 26 d after a hamstring autograft ACLR. The pathogen, Salmonella enterica typhimurium was isolated by bacteriological sampling of the first arthroscopic lavage. Two arthroscopic lavages were required, with intravenous antibiotic therapy for two weeks with cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin, followed by oral antibiotics with amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin for a total duration of three months. This approach treated the infection but two years after the septic arthritis, faced with ongoing knee instability due to graft damage, a revision ACLR with a bone-tendon-bone graft was performed. At the last follow-up, full range of knee motion had been achieved and sports activities resumed.
CONCLUSION Infection after ACLR is rare and requires an early diagnosis and management in order to treat the infection and prevent arthritis-related joint cartilage destruction and damage to the graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Neri
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Centre of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne 42000, France
- EA 7424-Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Science, University Lyon-University Jean Monnet Saint Etienne, Saint Etienne 42000, France
| | - Margaux Dehon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Centre of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne 42000, France
| | - Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne 42000, France
| | - Celine Cazorla
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne 42000, France
| | - Sven Putnis
- Avon Orthopaedic Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Remi Philippot
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Centre of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne 42000, France
| | - Frederic Farizon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Centre of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne 42000, France
| | - Bertrand Boyer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Centre of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne 42000, France
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28
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Ata F, Marzouk SKK, Bilal ABI, Khan AA, Ibrahim E, Almadani MTM. Drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi induced kidney injury with rhabdomyolysis: A case report, and literature review. IDCases 2021; 24:e01103. [PMID: 33889494 PMCID: PMC8047458 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhi (ST) is a rod-shaped gram-negative bacterium that infects humans via contaminated food or water. Humans are the only reservoirs for the bacteria. Infection usually manifests as fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. However, complications such as intestinal perforation, hepatosplenomegaly, and renal injury can occasionally occur. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated more commonly with ST than other bacteria causing gastrointestinal (GI) infections. The exact pathophysiology of AKI in ST infection is unknown. One of the rarely reported mechanisms is rhabdomyolysis. We present a similar case of resistant ST infection leading to AKI with rhabdomyolysis. This article also contains an extensive literature reviews of all reported ST bacteremia cases with AKI secondary to rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateen Ata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ammara Bint I. Bilal
- Department of Radiology, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Adeel Ahmed Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ezzedin Ibrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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29
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In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Probiotic Potential of Antarctic Yeasts. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:1338-1354. [PMID: 33759043 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antarctica is one of the most pristine and inhospitable regions of the planet, mostly inhabited by microorganisms that survive due to unusual metabolic pathways to adapt to its extreme conditions, which could be interesting for the selection of new probiotics. The aim of the present study was to screen in vitro and in vivo putative probiotics among 254 yeasts isolated from different habitats of Antarctica. In vitro selection evaluated functional (growth at 37 °C, resistance to simulated gastric environment, and to bile salts), safety (degradation of mucin, production of β-haemolysis and resistance to antifungal drugs), and beneficial (production of antagonistic substances and adhesion to pathogens) properties. Twelve yeasts were able to grow at 37 °C, one of which was eliminated to present β-haemolytic ability. The remained yeasts resisted to gastric simulation and bile salts, but none presented antagonism against the pathogens tested. Because of the high co-aggregation with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and growth yield, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UFMGCB 18377 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMGCB 11120 were selected for in vivo steps using mice challenged with S. Typhimurium. Both yeasts reached high faecal population levels when daily administered, but only R. mucilaginosa UFMGCB 18377 protected mice against Salmonella infection presenting a higher survival and reduced weight loss, bacterial translocation to the liver, sIgA intestinal levels, and intestinal and hepatic MPO and EPO activities. Our in vitro and in vivo results suggest that R. mucilaginosa UFMGCB 18377 presents probiotic potential and deserve further studies as candidate of probiotic by-products. In addition, this is the first screening study of yeasts isolated from Antarctic environments and of Rhodotorula genus for probiotic use.
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30
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Yeung EYH. A Case-Control Study on the Association between Salmonella Bacteriuria and Cystoscopy. Infect Dis Rep 2021; 13:205-214. [PMID: 33804416 PMCID: PMC7930975 DOI: 10.3390/idr13010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, there is only one published report of an outbreak of urinary tract infections by Salmonella species after cystoscopy. Disinfection procedures for cystoscope have come into question. The current study aimed to determine the odds of developing Salmonella bacteriuria after cystoscopy. A retrospective case-control study was conducted on all patients with Salmonella species in urine (case) and blood (control) from 2017 to 2019 in 16 hospitals in Eastern Ontario, Canada. Eight of the 11 patients had cystoscopy prior to Salmonella bacteriuria; three of the 74 patients had urological procedures prior to Salmonella bacteremia, but none of their procedures were cystoscopy. The odds ratio of urological procedures with Salmonella bacteriuria was 63.1 (95% CI 10.9 to 366.6; p < 0.0001). In the bacteriuria group, the most frequently identified isolates were Salmonella enteritidis (n = 8), followed by Salmonella oranienburg, and Salmonella heidelberg. Seven of the S. enteritidis isolates had identical susceptibilities (ampicillin-sensitive; sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim-sensitive; ciprofloxacin intermediate). In the bacteremia group, the most frequently identified isolates were S. enteritidis (n = 22), followed by Salmonella typhi, S. heidelberg, S. oranienburg, and Salmonella typhimurium. The result suggested cystoscopy is a risk factor for Salmonella bacteriuria. Identification of Salmonella bacteriuria should prompt public health investigations of linkage between cystoscopy and Salmonella bacteriuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Y H Yeung
- Department of Medical Microbiology, The Ottawa Hospital General Campus, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
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31
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Gunasena JB, De Silva ST. An unusual case of sepsis due to Salmonella enterica serovar Weltevreden, an emerging pathogen of non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Trop Doct 2021; 51:634-637. [PMID: 33530877 DOI: 10.1177/0049475520979302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Weltevreden is identified as an emerging pathogen, especially in the South and Southeast Asian regions. A 45-year-old male presented with an acute febrile illness, disoriented and confused. Blood culture became positive for Salmonellae enterica serovar Weltevreden. The patient was started on intravenous Ceftriaxone. Despite aggressive management, he developed acute respiratory distress syndrome with septic shock, which required intubation and mechanical ventilation. On the 11th day of admission, he succumbed due to sepsis from peritonitis with bowel infarction. Severe sepsis due to S. Weltevreden is rare. Diabetes, malignancy, therapeutic immune suppression may predispose to invasive disease. Biochemical similarities to other Salmonella species may lead to S. Weltevreden being overlooked by clinicians. Isolates from around the world remain sensitive to most freely available antibiotics. Emergence of resistance to common antimicrobial agents could pose an obvious public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janitha B Gunasena
- Senior Lecturer and Head of the Department, University Medical Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - Shamila T De Silva
- Senior Lecturer and Head of the Department, University Medical Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
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32
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Khan F, Habas E, Akbar R, Sulaiman T. A fatal typhoid acute respiratory distress syndrome: Report of a rare case. SAUDI JOURNAL FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/sjhs.sjhs_117_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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33
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Khan KL, Ahmad S, Nisa M, Peracha MH. Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax in Typhoid. Cureus 2020; 12:e11812. [PMID: 33409057 PMCID: PMC7781503 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a rare case of a 12-year-old girl who presented with a short history of diarrhea, vomiting and fever after traveling to Pakistan. During the course of initial investigations, her chest radiograph showed a primary spontaneous pneumothorax. There was no previous history of pulmonary disease. She was diagnosed as having Salmonella Typhi based on positive blood cultures. In the literature, spontaneous pneumothorax has been associated with typhoid fever as a complication of the disease in the pre-antibiotic era. However, a spontaneous pneumothorax associated with typhoid fever has never been reported to our knowledge in the post-antibiotic era.
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34
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Kaur N, Varshney VK, Kombade SP, Yadav T, Suman S, Garg PK, Nag VL. Splenic Abscess Caused by Salmonella Typhi: an Uncommon Presentation. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 74:166-168. [PMID: 32863358 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2020.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Splenic abscess is an uncommon extra-intestinal complication of Salmonella Typhi infection in the post-antibiotic era. The condition is associated with high morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed in a timely manner. We report the case of a 20-year-old man who presented with left upper abdominal pain, high-grade fever, and a lump in the abdomen. Ultrasound and computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealed a large solitary splenic abscess. The abscess was drained percutaneously and Salmonella Typhi was isolated on a culture board, which was an unexpected finding. The patient was prescribed the appropriate antibiotics based on an antimicrobial susceptibility report and periodic follow-up was planned. The clinical condition of the patient improved along with complete resolution of the abscess. This report reiterates the importance of clinical diagnosis and radiological imaging even for common diseases presenting in an unusual fashion. Percutaneous drainage and microbial culture, with antibiotics prescribed based on susceptibility are key to the treatment of such abscesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
| | | | | | - Taruna Yadav
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
| | - Sunita Suman
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Garg
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
| | - Vijaya Lakshmi Nag
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
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Kaur A, Chopra K, Kaur IP, Rishi P. Salmonella Strain Specificity Determines Post-typhoid Central Nervous System Complications: Intervention by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum at Gut-Brain Axis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1568. [PMID: 32793135 PMCID: PMC7393228 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological complications occurring due to Salmonella infection in some typhoid patients remain a relatively unexplored serious complication. This study firstly aimed to explore whether disseminative ability of Salmonella from gut to brain is strain specific or not and on the basis of bacterial load, histopathology, and behavioral changes, it was observed that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium NCTC 74 did not cause brain infection in murine model in contrast to Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344. Simultaneously, alarming escalation in antimicrobial resistance, making the existing antibiotics treatment inefficacious, prompted us to evaluate other bio-compatible strategies as a potential treatment option. In this context, the role of gut microbiota in influencing behavior, brain neurochemistry, and physiology by modulating key molecules associated with gut-brain axis has captured the interest of the scientific community. Followed by in vitro screening of potential probiotic strains for beneficial attributes, efficacy of the selected strain was systematically evaluated at various levels of gut-brain axis against Salmonella induced brain infection. Analysis of behavioral (depression, anxiety, and locomotor), neurochemical [gamma amino butyric acid and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)], neuropathological (brain and intestinal histology; bacterial burden), and immunohistochemical studies (tight junction proteins expression) revealed its role in preventing serious manifestations and proving its potential as "psychobiotic." To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report elaborating strain specificity of Salmonella in causing post-typhoidal neurological manifestations and simultaneous use of probiotic in managing the same by influencing the pathophysiology at gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Indu Pal Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Abstract
Patients returning from travel to a foreign country often present with atypical infections that can present as diagnostic challenges. Although rarely seen in the United States, Salmonella infections are commonly seen in Sub-Saharan Africa. The common clinical manifestations of Salmonella infection include fever and diarrhea; however, about 5% of cases of non-typhi Salmonella progress to bacteremia. Here, we present a case of a unique presentation of Salmonella infection manifesting as a prostatic abscess in an immunocompetent patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lin
- Internal Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Satya Patel
- Internal Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
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37
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Birabaharan M, Kainth MK, Kessel AD, Hagmann SHF. Case Report: Typhoid Fever Complicated by Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in a Pediatric Traveler. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:319-322. [PMID: 31264556 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is seldom described as a complication of typhoid fever (TF). Only 13 cases have hitherto been reported in the English and non-English literature since 1990. We report an 8-year-old boy with TF after return from India who developed pediatric ARDS (pARDS) despite adequate antibiotic treatment. Among patients with available information including this case, we noted that most not born or raised in a TF-endemic country (4/6) compared with none (0/6) of the domestic cases in a TF-endemic country developed ARDS within 48 hours of starting the antibiotic treatment. Our case raises important questions regarding the frequency, pathophysiology, and appropriate management of ARDS and pARDS in patients with TF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Birabaharan
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Mundeep K Kainth
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York/Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Aaron D Kessel
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York/Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Stefan H F Hagmann
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York/Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
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38
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Jin D, Kao CY, Darby J, Palmer S. Salmonella typhimurium myopericarditis: A case report and review of literature. World J Cardiol 2020; 12:67-75. [PMID: 31984129 PMCID: PMC6952724 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v12.i1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-typhoidal salmonella (NTS) is a rare, but well-established cause of myopericarditis. Presenting symptoms may be varied, however often revolve around the dual presentation of both myopericarditis and infectious diarrhoea. Given the rarity of NTS related myopericarditis, we conducted a systematic review of the literature, identifying 41 previously reported cases.
CASE SUMMARY We present the case of an otherwise healthy 39-year old male, presenting with chest pain in the setting of documented Salmonella typhimurium infection. After further investigation with echocardiogram and laboratory blood tests, a diagnosis of NTS associated myopericarditis was made, and the patient received antibiotic treatment with an excellent clinical outcome. Overall, myopericarditis is rare in NTS. Although treatment for myopericarditis has not been well established, there are guidelines for the treatment of NTS infection. In our review, we found that the majority of NTS cases has been pericarditis (27/42, 64.3%), with an average age of 48.3 years, and 71.4% being male. The average mortality across all cases was 31%.
CONCLUSION Myopericarditis is a rare, but potentially serious complication of NTS infection, associated with an increased morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jin
- Department of Medicine at St Vincent’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy 3065, Australia
| | - Chien-Ying Kao
- Department of Cardiology, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy 3065, Australia
| | - Jonathon Darby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy 3065, Australia
| | - Sonny Palmer
- Department of Medicine at St Vincent’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy 3065, Australia
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Biber A, Nof E, Schwartz E. Cardiac Involvement in Travelers with Enteric Fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:1098-1100. [PMID: 30860011 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Data regarding cardiac involvement in enteric fever among travelers are scarce. In this retrospective study, 59 patients were hospitalized with enteric fever during 2004-2017 and 28 had cardiac workups. Among those, four had evidence of cardiac involvement, including clinical myocarditis, electrocardiogram changes, or troponin elevation. Cardiac involvement was higher among patients infected with Salmonella Typhi than with Salmonella Paratyphi A (P = 0.08), with a significant relative risk of 6 (95% CI: 1.15-31.22, P = 0.03). Time from symptoms onset to effective treatment was longer for patients with cardiac involvement (13 versus 7.15 days, P < 0.05). It seems that cardiac involvement in enteric fever is not uncommon in travelers. Such involvement seems to be more common in patients with delay of effective treatment to the second week of illness. Although fatal or complicated cases are rare in travelers, the cardiac complication may be an important contributor to morbidity and mortality in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Biber
- The Center for Geographic Medicine and Tropical Diseases, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eyal Nof
- Leviev Heart Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eli Schwartz
- The Center for Geographic Medicine and Tropical Diseases, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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40
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Inoue T, Ogasawara K. Chain effects of clean water: The Mills-Reincke phenomenon in early 20th-century Japan. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2020; 36:100822. [PMID: 31655396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2019.100822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the validity of chain effects of clean water, which are known as the "Mills-Reincke phenomenon," in early 20-century Japan. Recent studies have reported that water purifications systems are responsible for huge contributions to human capital. Although some studies have investigated the instantaneous effects of water-supply systems in pre-war Japan, little is known about the chain effects of these systems. By analyzing city-level cause-specific mortality data from 1922 to 1940, we find that a decline in typhoid deaths by one per 1000 people decreased the risk of death due to non-waterborne diseases such as tuberculosis and pneumonia by 0.742-2.942 per 1000 people. Our finding suggests that the observed Mills-Reincke phenomenon could have resulted in the relatively rapid decline in the mortality rate in early 20-century Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Economics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Kota Ogasawara
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Economics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 263-8522, Japan.
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41
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Fankem GO, Fokam Tagne MA, Noubissi PA, Foyet Fondjo A, Kamtchouing I, Ngwewondo A, Wambe H, Ngakou Mukam J, Kamgang R. Antioxidant activity of dichloromethane fraction of Dichrocephala integrifolia in Salmonella typhi-infected rats. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2019; 17:438-445. [PMID: 31611062 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infectious diseases such as typhoid fever lead to the formation of free radicals which can damage the body. Many medicinal plants have antioxidant molecules that neutralize free radicals. The present work evaluated the antioxidant activity and histopathological effects of the dichloromethane fraction of Dichrocephala integrifolia in Salmonella typhi-infected rats. METHODS The S. typhi-infected rats concurrently received daily doses of D. integrifolia extract at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight or ciprofloxacin (5 mg/kg body weight) for 15 days. Body temperature was measured daily during infection and treatment periods. At the end of treatment period, the animals were sacrificed and biological responses including hematological parameters, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and glutathione, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide concentrations were evaluated. RESULTS The elevated body temperature induced by infection was significantly decreased in animals treated with 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg of the extract. Platelet levels decreased slightly in infected rats, while treatment with the dichloromethane fraction of D. integrifolia significantly increased platelet levels; this response was greater than that elicited by ciprofloxacin. The doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg of the dichloromethane fraction of D. integrifolia notably decreased monocyte and neutrophil values. Activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase and levels of glutathione in the tissues of treated animals were increased significantly (P < 0.01), while malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.01), following treatment with the dichloromethane fraction of D. integrifolia. CONCLUSION The results of this study show that the dichloromethane fraction of D. integrifolia has protective effects against a series of pathological conditions initiated by oxidation and tissue damage in the course of a S. typhi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Olivier Fankem
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, 237, Cameroon
| | | | - Paul Aimé Noubissi
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, 237, Cameroon
| | - Angèle Foyet Fondjo
- Department of Applied Sciences for Health, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences, University Institute of Gulf of Guinea, 237, Cameroon
| | - Idrice Kamtchouing
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, 237, Cameroon
| | - Adela Ngwewondo
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Radioisotopes, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé 237, Cameroon
| | - Henri Wambe
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, 237, Cameroon
| | - Joseph Ngakou Mukam
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, 237, Cameroon
| | - René Kamgang
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, 237, Cameroon; Laboratory of Endocrinology and Radioisotopes, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé 237, Cameroon
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42
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Getahun S A, Limaono J, Ligaitukana R, Cabenatabua O, Soqo V, Diege R, Mua M. Ovarian abscess caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2019; 13:303. [PMID: 31551082 PMCID: PMC6760102 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-019-2229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Typhoid fever is a human-specific disease caused by a bacterium, Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi. It is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food or water. It is mostly diagnosed by blood culture. Salmonella Typhi usually manifests as a febrile illness with bacteremia after initial entry through the gastrointestinal route, but it can occasionally cause significant disease in extraintestinal sites. We report a case of a girl in Fiji with a right ovarian abscess infected by Salmonella Typhi. Case presentation A 14-year-old iTaukei (indigenous Fijian) girl presented to our hospital with abdominal pain of 1 month’s duration. Two days prior to her admission, she developed high-grade fever and nausea and had one episode of vomiting. On presentation, she appeared unwell; she was tachycardic (116 beats per minute) and febrile (38.8 °C). Her abdominal examination revealed generalized tenderness. Other examination findings were normal. The provisional diagnosis of abdominal sepsis led to an emergency laparotomy during which an enlarged right ovary was found to be spontaneously discharging pus. The ovary was incised and drained, and the patient was commenced on intravenous ceftriaxone 1 g twice daily, cloxacillin 1 g four times daily, and metronidazole 500 mg three times daily. She recovered promptly and was discharged to home on the sixth postoperative day. The purulent material from the ovary grew Salmonella Typhi. Conclusion Extraintestinal infections caused by Salmonella Typhi are rare but can cause severe and life-threatening disease. Our patient had a prolonged history of abdominal pain and was found to have a ruptured right ovarian abscess due to Salmonella Typhi. Ovarian abscesses in girls who are not sexually active are not associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and suggest local or hematogenous spread. This case report may increase health workers awareness to include common and endemic infections in the differential diagnosis of unusual clinical presentations to help the initiation of appropriate investigation and management as quickly as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneley Getahun S
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Science, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji. .,The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Josese Limaono
- Labasa Hospital, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Labasa, Fiji
| | - Raween Ligaitukana
- Northern Health Services, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Labasa, Fiji
| | - Orisi Cabenatabua
- Labasa Hospital, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Labasa, Fiji
| | - Vika Soqo
- Labasa Hospital, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Labasa, Fiji
| | - Raape Diege
- Labasa Hospital, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Labasa, Fiji
| | - Mikaele Mua
- Labasa Hospital, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Labasa, Fiji
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43
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Majid A, Bin Waqar SH, Rehan A, Kumar S. From Gut to Heart: Havoc in a Young Patient with Typhoid-associated Cardiomyopathy. Cureus 2019; 11:e5049. [PMID: 31511802 PMCID: PMC6716968 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid is an endemic hassle, especially in third-world countries like Pakistan. It is an enteric fever characterized by systemic manifestations that include high temperature and abdominal pain. If not properly treated, at times, it can transgress into complications predominantly involving the gut, where the site of pathology lies. Sometimes, however, it can involve other organ systems and pose diagnostic challenges owing to unfamiliar modes of presentation. Here in, we present a case of a 14-year-old male, previously afflicted and treated for typhoid who presented to the medical consult service with abdominal pain, high-grade fever, and mild chest discomfort. His hemodynamic parameters deteriorated within weeks as he developed pulmonary edema and hypoxemia. He was later diagnosed with echocardiography which earlier on, showed signs of acute myocarditis and eventually dilated cardiomyopathy. The patient was treated with antibiotics coupled with supportive and intensive care which yielded relief in his symptoms. He was later followed up with serial echocardiograms and showed improvement in the cardiac parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Majid
- Cardiology, Civil Hospital Karachi, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Syed Hamza Bin Waqar
- Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital Karachi, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Aiman Rehan
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital Karachi, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
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44
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Sharma T, Sharma C, Sankhyan A, Bedi SP, Bhatnagar S, Khanna N, Gautam V, Sethi S, Vrati S, Tiwari A. Serodiagnostic evaluation of recombinant CdtB of S. Typhi as a potential candidate for acute typhoid. Immunol Res 2019; 66:503-512. [PMID: 29931558 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-9009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Typhoid fever caused by human restricted Salmonella typhi presents a considerable health burden on developing South-Asian nations like India. The suboptimal sensitivity and specificity associated with culture-based isolation of etiological agent and the extensively used surface antigen-based serological assays often lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate antimicrobial treatment. The increasing reports of the emergence of resistant strains and undefined disease burden signify the critical need for an inexpensive, reliable, easy-to-use, and highly sensitive diagnostic test for typhoid fever. Utilizing S. typhi-specific and immunogenic antigens in sero-diagnostic assays could lead to precise diagnosis of acute typhoid and prompt treatment. In this study, we report cloning, expression, and purification of recombinant Cytolethal distending toxin subunit B (CdtB) of S. typhi, which is reported to be highly specific, immunogenic, and expressed only upon S. typhi infection. We further evaluated the purified recombinant CdtB for its diagnostic potential in an IgM-based indirect ELISA format using 33 human samples. Twenty-one serum samples from blood culture confirmed cases (n = 21) of typhoid and 12 samples from healthy controls (n = 12) were tested. The assay showed sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 83.3% respectively with positive and negative predictive values of 91.3 and 100% respectively. Efficient detection of specific IgM antibodies indicates that CdtB could be highly valuable in sero-diagnosis of acute typhoid and rapid screening of clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarang Sharma
- Centre for Bio-design & Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Chandresh Sharma
- Centre for Bio-design & Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Anurag Sankhyan
- Centre for Bio-design & Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India.,Central Research Institute, Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjiv Pal Bedi
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shinjini Bhatnagar
- Paediatric Biology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Navin Khanna
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikas Gautam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunil Sethi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ashutosh Tiwari
- Centre for Bio-design & Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India. .,Department of Experimental Medicine & Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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45
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Johari MI, Besari AM, Wan Ghazali WS, Yusof Z. Disseminated Salmonella infection. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/5/e226337. [PMID: 31076489 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-226337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 47-year-old Malay man who presented with fever, poor oral intake and loss of weight for 1 month duration. Further work-up revealed evidence of disseminated Salmonella infection that was further complicated with pericardial and pleural empyema. Cultures from pericardial and pleural fluids grew Salmonella species with negative serial blood cultures. Contrast enhanced CT thorax showed pleural effusion with large pericardial effusion. The patient was treated with antibiotics and drainage of pericardial and pleural empyema was done and he was discharged well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Izzad Johari
- Internal Medicine, University Sains Malaysia-Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Alwi Muhd Besari
- Infectious Disease, University Sains Malaysia-Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Zurkurnai Yusof
- Cardiology, University Sains Malaysia-Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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46
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Rohilla R, Bhatia M, Gupta P, Singh A, Shankar R, Omar BJ. Salmonella osteomyelitis: A rare extraintestinal manifestation of an endemic pathogen. J Lab Physicians 2019; 11:164-170. [PMID: 31160858 PMCID: PMC6543939 DOI: 10.4103/jlp.jlp_165_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi usually cause enteric fever in humans characterized by fever and gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea. Bacteremia is a constant feature of enteric fever, and occasionally, dissemination of bacilli throughout the body results in the establishment of one or more localized foci of persisting infection. This happens especially in patients with preexisting conditions such as hemoglobinopathies, previous joint trauma, surgery, connective tissue diseases, lymphoma, diabetes, alcoholism, immunosuppressive state, and extremes of ages. Rarely, these extraintestinal Salmonella infection cases have also been reported in immunocompetent individuals without any obvious predisposing factors. Salmonella osteomyelitis, a rare sequelae of typhoid, may occur as a result of hematogenous seeding of the bone or joints due to a bacteremic episode. It may also spread from nearby areas of infection or penetrating trauma. Timely diagnosis and treatment of this condition are necessary because if left untreated, it can lead to permanent functional deficits later on. We hereby present a case series with brief review of literature on Salmonella osteomyelitis in immunocompetent patients without any known predisposing conditions over a period of 1 year (2017-2018) from a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Uttarakhand, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Rohilla
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mohit Bhatia
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pratima Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Arpana Singh
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Balram Ji Omar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
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47
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Gardini G, Comelli A, Pecorelli S, Parolini F, Tomasoni L, Pezzotta R, Fiorentini S, Caruso A, Alberti D, Castelli F. Acute epididymo-orchitis due to Salmonella Typhi in a young man from Bangladesh. Infection 2019; 47:857-860. [PMID: 30771193 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-019-01280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
S. typhi infection rarely involves the genitourinary system. We report the first described case of acute epididymo-orchitis due to S. typhi in a 14-year-old boy from Bangladesh. A high index of suspicion should be maintained when evaluating patients coming from endemic countries also in case of unusual sites of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Gardini
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Agnese Comelli
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Pecorelli
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Filippo Parolini
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lina Tomasoni
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ramona Pezzotta
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Fiorentini
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniele Alberti
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Castelli
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
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Arti T, Agrawal M, Sabharwal G, Sabharwal V, Gaur R. Unusual Presentation of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi in Pleural Fluid and Breast Abscess. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES AND HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.46347/jmsh.2018.v04i03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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49
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Jha V, Vidhale T. Multiple splenic abscesses in a case of enteric fever: Salvaging spleen through pigtail drainage and antibiotics is a good alternative approach. Indian J Crit Care Med 2018; 22:886-888. [PMID: 30662231 PMCID: PMC6311984 DOI: 10.4103/ijccm.ijccm_405_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Splenic abscess is a rare complication of enteric fever in developing countries. This is seen mostly solitary rather than being multiple and can be fatal if untreated. In general clinical practice, multiple splenic abscesses or thick pus with septations may require splenectomy. Here, we report a rare case of enteric fever with multiple splenic abscesses in a young immunocompetent male who was successfully managed with antibiotics and percutaneous pigtail drainage of pus from the larger cavity.
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50
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Chien SC, Iap TH, Chiu YR, Shie SS, Chen CJ. Microbiological features of indigenous typhoid cases in Taiwan and relatedness to imported cases, 2001-2014: A cross-sectional analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2018; 27:92-98. [PMID: 30300755 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid fever was rare in Taiwan but approximately two-thirds of the cases were indigenous. The transmission source of the indigenous cases and the relatedness to the imported cases remained unknown. METHODS Patients with any site culture positive for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi were identified in a teaching hospital during 2001-2014. The isolates were determined for antibiotic susceptibilities, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) types. RESULTS A total of 64 typhoid episodes were identified in 63 patients. Seventeen episodes (26.6%) were imported and a majority (10, 58.8%) of them were from Indonesia. The clinical manifestations, outcomes of patients and antibiograms of isolates were similar between indigenous and imported cases. 63.3% of the isolates were ciprofloxacin-resistant. The distributions of PFGE and SNP types did not differ significantly between indigenous and imported isolates, either (P = 0.191 and 0.124, respectively). Identical PFGE pattern could be identified in indigenous isolates appearing at certain time frames, indicating outbreaks due to local transmission of certain Typhi strains. CONCLUSIONS The imported cases of typhoid fever from Southeast Asia were the major sources of indigenous S. Typhi infections in Taiwan. Small-scale outbreaks occurred due to local transmission of the strains after their importation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Chieh Chien
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Him Iap
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Rong Chiu
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shian-Sen Shie
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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