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AlKasasbeh W, Shlool H, Alnaimat S. Anabolic steroid consumption among gym-goers in Amman: knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1404551. [PMID: 39267810 PMCID: PMC11390643 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1404551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The use of Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) among gym members has become a significant concern due to their impact on physical training and performance. Research worldwide indicates a notable prevalence of AAS use among athletes and gym attendees, often involving substances that are neither safe nor legal. Objectives This study aims to determine the prevalence of AAS use among gym attendees in Amman, Jordan, and to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors associated with AAS use. Methods The study involved 399 participants from 35 randomly selected gyms in the metropolitan area of Amman, Jordan. A cluster sampling technique was used to select a diverse and representative sample of gym attendees. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire that assessed AAS use, knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral factors. Statistical analyses were conducted using chi-square tests to explore the relationships between AAS use and categorical variables, while logistic regression was employed to identify predictors of AAS use. Results The analysis revealed significant associations between AAS use and various factors, including knowledge, attitudes, behavioral factors, and demographic variables such as gender, age, exercise frequency, reasons for exercise, and total exercise duration. The study identified key predictors of AAS use among gym attendees in Amman, highlighting the importance of demographic and behavioral factors. Conclusion The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to address misconceptions and promote safer practices among gym-goers in Amman. The study provides critical insights that can guide the development of strategies, policy adjustments, and educational initiatives aimed at reducing AAS misuse and fostering a healthier gym culture in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa AlKasasbeh
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - Hatem Shlool
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - Sajeda Alnaimat
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sport Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Hammoud S, van den Bemt BJF, Jaber A, Kurdi M. Impaired cardiac structure and systolic function in athletes using supra-physiological doses of anabolic androgenic steroids. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26:514-521. [PMID: 37758530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.08.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Athletes are increasingly using supra-physiological doses of anabolic androgenic steroids without weighing health side effects. This study aims to conjointly evaluate the effect of supraphysiological doses of anabolic androgenic steroids on global cardiovascular structure and functional capacity. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS 92 males enrolled in the study, including 18 sedentary subjects, 26 anabolic androgenic steroid non-user athletes, and 48 anabolic androgenic steroid-user athletes. Two-dimensional echocardiography was done to evaluate the cardiovascular structure and function. RESULTS Anabolic androgenic steroid-users presented increased cardiac remodeling of the left ventricle and left atrium compared to control groups (p < 0.001). Anabolic androgenic steroid-users showed increased left ventricular mass/body surface area versus control groups (p < 0.001), with 28 steroid-users (58.3 %) having cardiac remodeling, which is more than control groups (p < 0.001). Anabolic androgenic steroid-users presented lower diastolic function (E and E/A) compared to non-users (p = 0.003 and <0.001, respectively). Ejection fraction was decreased among anabolic androgenic steroid-users versus the sedentary group only (p = 0.020), while anabolic androgenic steroid-users presented reduced global longitudinal strain of 15.43 % compared to both control groups (p < 0.001). Moreover, anabolic androgenic steroid-users experienced more tricuspid valve regurgitation (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Anabolic androgenic steroid consumption is associated with global cardiac remodeling with increased dimensions of the left ventricle, and atrium. Anabolic androgenic steroid-users present left ventricular hypertrophy with reduced subclinical systolic function. Moreover, anabolic androgenic steroid consumption is correlated with valve regurgitation and dilation of the sino-tubular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Hammoud
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, Section 1, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Educational Campus, Hadat, Lebanon; Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Bart J F van den Bemt
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacy, Sint Maartenskliniek, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacy, University Medical Center Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ayman Jaber
- Department of Cardiology, Mount Lebanon Hospital - University Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Mazen Kurdi
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, Section 1, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Educational Campus, Hadat, Lebanon.
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Hammoud S, van den Bemt BJF, Jaber A, Kurdi M. Chronic anabolic androgenic steroid administration reduces global longitudinal strain among off-cycle bodybuilders. Int J Cardiol 2023; 381:153-160. [PMID: 37003371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supra-physiologic doses of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) lead to multiple cardiovascular complications. The long-term clinical effect of AAS overuse on cardiac structure and function, which persists during off-cycle periods, remains unclear. METHODS A total of 15 sedentary subjects and 79 bodybuilders (26 AAS non-users and 53 AAS-users), matched for age and male gender, were assessed in a cross-sectional design for echocardiography measures. AAS-users were included during an off-cycle phase, abstained from AAS for at least 1 month. 2D standard M-mode and speckle tracking echocardiography were used to measure cardiac dimensions and functions. RESULTS Inter-ventricular septum and posterior wall thickness were significantly higher among chronic off-cycle AAS-users compared to AAS non-users and sedentary group. Off-cycle AAS-users showed lower E/A ratio of the diastolic function. Left ventricular systolic function was not affected in terms of ejection fraction, but significant subclinical systolic dysfunction, assessed by GLS, was observed for chronic off-cycle AAS-users compared to AAS non-users (GLS = -16.8% vs. -18.5%, respectively; p = 0.001). Diameter of left atrium and right ventricle were significantly enlarged among off-cycle AAS-user bodybuilders (p = 0.002 and 0.040). TAPSE and RV S', and cardiac vasculature of aorta were comparable in all groups. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that during off-cycle phase, AAS-users show long-term impaired GLS, even after considerable AAS abstain, despite normal LVEF. It highlights the importance of following GLS to predict hypertrophy and heart failure events, and not relying on LVEF alone. In addition, the hypertrophic effect of chronic AAS consumption is transitional during AAS washout periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Hammoud
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, Section 1, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Educational Campus, Hadat, Lebanon; Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart J F van den Bemt
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacy, Sint Maartenskliniek, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacy, University Medical Center Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ayman Jaber
- Department of Cardiology, Mount Lebanon Hospital - University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mazen Kurdi
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, Section 1, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Educational Campus, Hadat, Lebanon.
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Bourgonjon B, Vermeylen K, Tytgat N, Forget P. Anaesthesia for elite athletes. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2022; 39:825-834. [PMID: 35943185 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000001719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports participation has been growing rapidly since the 1960s. Anaesthesiologists are increasingly confronted with athletes in a peri-operative setting. The right choice of type of anaesthesia technique, pain management of injuries, specific physiologic adaptations of the athlete and knowledge of prohibited substances are eminent for a correct approach of this subpopulation. PURPOSE This review aims to give an overview of athletes' specific anaesthetic management in peri-operative and postoperative settings and to guide the nonspecialised anaesthetist. METHODS We comprehensively reviewed the literature, gathered all the information available on, and synthesised it in a narrative way, regarding preoperative evaluation, intraoperative implications and postoperative pain management of the elite athlete undergoing a surgical procedure. RESULTS An anaesthesiologist should recognise the most common benign ECG findings in athletes like bradycardia, isolated left ventricle hypertrophy on voltage criteria and early repolarisation as normal features in the athlete's heart. Isotonic physiology typically produces four-chamber dilation. In contrast, isometric stress creates high intravascular pressure leading to left ventricular hypertrophy. Pre-operative evaluation should also identify possible consumers of performance-enhancing drugs. Intraoperative points of interest for the anaesthesiologist is mainly avoiding drugs on the prohibited list of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Postoperative and chronic pain management are still developing fields in this population. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) proposed treating acute pain with a combination of paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), topical analgesics, injectable NSAIDs and local anaesthetics. It may be suggested that chronic pain management in elite athletes could benefit from treatment in specialised multidisciplinary pain clinics. CONCLUSION This literature review aims to serve as a guide for the anaesthesiologist taking care of the elite athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Bourgonjon
- From the Department of Anaesthesiology, GZA Antwerpen (BB), Department of Anaesthesiology, AZ Turnhout, Turnhout (KV), Department of Anaesthesiology, ASZ Aalst, Aalst, Belgium (NT) and Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Epidemiology Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen; Department of Anaesthesia, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK (PF)
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D'Andrea A, Radmilovic J, Russo V, Sperlongano S, Carbone A, Di Maio M, Ilardi F, Riegler L, D'Alto M, Giallauria F, Bossone E, Picano E. Biventricular dysfunction and lung congestion in athletes on anabolic androgenic steroids: a speckle tracking and stress lung echocardiography analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022; 28:1928-1938. [PMID: 34339497 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The real effects of the chronic consumption of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) on cardiovascular structures are subjects of intense debate. The aim of the study was to detect by speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction at rest and during exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) in athletes abusing AAS. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred and fifteen top-level competitive bodybuilders were selected (70 males), including 65 athletes misusing AAS for at least 5 years (users), 50 anabolic-free bodybuilders (non-users), compared to 50 age- and sex-matched healthy sedentary controls. Standard Doppler echocardiography, STE analysis, and lung ultrasound at rest and at peak supine-bicycle ESE were performed. Athletes showed increased LV mass index, wall thickness, and RV diameters compared with controls, whereas LV ejection fraction was comparable within the groups. left atrial volume index, LV and RV strain, and LV E/Em were significantly higher in AAS users. Users showed more B-lines during stress (median 4.4 vs. 1.25 in controls and 1.3 in non-users, P < 0.01 vs. users). By multivariable analyses, LV E/Ea (beta coefficient = 0.35, P < 0.01), pulmonary artery systolic pressure (beta = 0.43, P < 0.001) at peak effort and number of weeks of AAS use per year (beta = 0.45, P < 0.001) emerged as the only independent determinants of resting RV lateral wall peak systolic two-dimensional strain. In addition, a close association between resting RV myocardial function and VO2 peak during ESE was evidenced (P < 0.001), with a powerful incremental value with respect to clinical and standard echocardiographic data. CONCLUSIONS In athletes abusing steroids, STE analysis showed an impaired RV systolic deformation, closely associated with reduced functional capacity during physical effort, and-during exercise-more pulmonary congestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello D'Andrea
- Unit of Cardiology, Department of Traslational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Via Bianchi 6, 80131, Italy
- Unit of Cardiology and Intensive Coronary Care, "Umberto I" Hospital, Nocera Inferiore, Viale S. Francesco 84014, Italy
| | - Juri Radmilovic
- Unit of Cardiology and Intensive Coronary Care, "Umberto I" Hospital, Nocera Inferiore, Viale S. Francesco 84014, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Russo
- Unit of Cardiology, Department of Traslational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Via Bianchi 6, 80131, Italy
| | - Simona Sperlongano
- Unit of Cardiology, Department of Traslational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Via Bianchi 6, 80131, Italy
| | - Andreina Carbone
- Unit of Cardiology, Department of Traslational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Via Bianchi 6, 80131, Italy
| | - Marco Di Maio
- Unit of Cardiology, "SS Addolorata" Hospital, Eboli (ASL Salerno), Piazza Scuola Medica Salernitana 84025, Italy
| | - Federica Ilardi
- Cardiology and Internal Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Italy
| | - Lucia Riegler
- Unit of Cardiology and Intensive Coronary Care, "Umberto I" Hospital, Nocera Inferiore, Viale S. Francesco 84014, Italy
| | - Michele D'Alto
- Unit of Cardiology, Department of Traslational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Via Bianchi 6, 80131, Italy
| | - Francesco Giallauria
- Cardiology and Internal Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Italy
| | - Eduardo Bossone
- UOC Cardiologia Riabilitativa, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Via Cardarelli 9, 80131, Italy
| | - Eugenio Picano
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi, Pisa 56121, Italy
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Passino C, Fabiani I. Multiparametric ultrasound approach for early detection of cardiac dysfunction: ready for the clinical arena? Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021; 28:1926-1927. [PMID: 34089584 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Passino
- Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, P. Martiri della Liberta', 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Iacopo Fabiani
- Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) represents a group of synthetic testosterone derivatives that play an important role in clinical treatment. These drugs are widely abused among the general public to increase lean weight and improve athletic performance. It has been reported that AAS use can produce many adverse effects, especially the occurrence of cardiovascular risk. Although there are many related studies, there has been no consensus on AAS use and cardiovascular risk. The present study was to review the effect of AAS on the cardiovascular system. DATA SOURCES The data in this review were obtained from articles included in PubMed and the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. STUDY SELECTION Original articles, case reports, and systematic reviews about AAS were selected for the article. RESULTS The use/abuse of AAS is correlated with higher cardiovascular risks, and many AAS users/abusers had cardiovascular diseases. However, there are many confounding factors in the studies that explored the causality between AAS intake and disease development, and additional studies are required to determine AAS toxicity. CONCLUSION AAS produces toxic effects on the cardiovascular system, and it is necessary to ensure that more people know this about AAS, including medical personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Di Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
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D’Andrea A, Radmilovic J, Caselli S, Carbone A, Scarafile R, Sperlongano S, Tocci G, Formisano T, Martone F, Liccardo B, D’Alto M, Bossone E, Galderisi M, Golino P. Left atrial myocardial dysfunction after chronic abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids: a speckle tracking echocardiography analysis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 34:1549-1559. [DOI: 10.1007/s10554-018-1370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Rasmussen JJ, Schou M, Madsen PL, Selmer C, Johansen ML, Ulriksen PS, Dreyer T, Kümler T, Plesner LL, Faber J, Gustafsson F, Kistorp C. Cardiac systolic dysfunction in past illicit users of anabolic androgenic steroids. Am Heart J 2018; 203:49-56. [PMID: 30015068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Illicit use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is associated with left ventricle (LV) systolic dysfunction and increased LV mass (LVM), but whether these findings persist in former AAS users has yet to be elucidated. The objective was to assess LV systolic function, LVM and myocardial fibrosis in current and former illicit AAS users compared with non-users. Methods Community-based cross-sectional study among men, aged 18–50 years, involved in recreational resistance training. We included 37 current and 33 former illicit AAS users, geometric mean (95%CI), 30 (21; 44) months since AAS cessation, and 30 non-users as controls. We assessed myocardial function and structure using advanced echocardiography and cardiac MRI with late-gadolinium enhancement. Results Mean (SE) LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) was impaired in former AAS users compared with non-users, −16.7 (0.5) versus −18.2 (0.4) %, P < .05. Mean (SE) LV ejection fraction (EF) was decreased, 51 (1) versus 58 (1) %, P < .001 and LV GLS impaired, −14.5 (0.4)%, P < .001, in current AAS users compared with non-users. Measures of LVM were increased in current AAS users compared with the other two groups, P < .001. Plasma total testosterone was independently associated with reduced LVEF (P = .049) and increased LVM/body surface area (P = .005) in multivariate linear regressions. Focal myocardial fibrosis was not detected in any participants and diffuse myocardial fibrosis, assessed using post-contrast T1-mapping time, did not differ among the three groups. Conclusions Past illicit AAS use is associated with impaired LV GLS, suggesting subclinical cardiac systolic dysfunction years after AAS cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon J Rasmussen
- Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospitals Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Morten Schou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospitals Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Per L Madsen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospitals Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Christian Selmer
- Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospitals Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Marie L Johansen
- Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospitals Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter S Ulriksen
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Tina Dreyer
- Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospitals Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Thomas Kümler
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospitals Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Louis L Plesner
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospitals Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jens Faber
- Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospitals Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Gustafsson
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline Kistorp
- Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospitals Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Carbone A, D'Andrea A, Riegler L, Scarafile R, Pezzullo E, Martone F, America R, Liccardo B, Galderisi M, Bossone E, Calabrò R. Cardiac damage in athlete's heart: When the "supernormal" heart fails! World J Cardiol 2017; 9:470-480. [PMID: 28706583 PMCID: PMC5491465 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v9.i6.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intense exercise may cause heart remodeling to compensate increases in blood pressure or volume by increasing muscle mass. Cardiac changes do not involve only the left ventricle, but all heart chambers. Physiological cardiac modeling in athletes is associated with normal or enhanced cardiac function, but recent studies have documented decrements in left ventricular function during intense exercise and the release of cardiac markers of necrosis in athlete's blood of uncertain significance. Furthermore, cardiac remodeling may predispose athletes to heart disease and result in electrical remodeling, responsible for arrhythmias. Athlete's heart is a physiological condition and does not require a specific treatment. In some conditions, it is important to differentiate the physiological adaptations from pathological conditions, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic dysplasia of the right ventricle, and non-compaction myocardium, for the greater risk of sudden cardiac death of these conditions. Moreover, some drugs and performance-enhancing drugs can cause structural alterations and arrhythmias, therefore, their use should be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Carbone
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonello D'Andrea
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Riegler
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Scarafile
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Enrica Pezzullo
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Martone
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella America
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio Liccardo
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Galderisi
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Eduardo Bossone
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Calabrò
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
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D'Andrea A, Radmilovic J, Ballo P, Mele D, Agricola E, Cameli M, Rossi A, Esposito R, Novo G, Mondillo S, Montisci R, Gallina S, Bossone E, Galderisi M. Left ventricular hypertrophy or storage disease? the incremental value of speckle tracking strain bull's-eye. Echocardiography 2017; 34:746-759. [DOI: 10.1111/echo.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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