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Hakim F, Chianea T, Sturtz F, Paraf F, Gaulier JM. Interpretation of the toxicological findings in a probably Energy drink intake-related fatality. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fernandes L, Mokwena K, Ntuli B. Case report on energy drink consumption among Health Sciences University students in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Public Health Rev 2020; 41:9. [PMID: 32435519 PMCID: PMC7222305 DOI: 10.1186/s40985-020-00129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are claims that energy drink (ED) consumption can bring about an improvement in mental functioning in the form of increased alertness and enhanced mental and physical energy. These claims address the lifestyle of a student of sleep deprivation and academic pressure with ED consumption becoming a popular practice amongst students. The study’s objectives were to determine the prevalence, reasons for, and patterns of ED and alcohol mixed with ED (AmED) consumption amongst university students. Case presentation Registered students of the Health Sciences University, Gauteng Province, South Africa, formed the study population where this quantitative cross-sectional survey conveniently collected data by means of previous validated self-administered questionnaires from 490 students representing the diverse demographics of the university. Questions on the socio-demographic profile of the participants; pattern of alcohol use; reasons, pattern, and preferred types of EDs use; and the pattern, reason, and experience of AmED use during the past 12 months were asked. Frequency and percentages of distributions were determined, and the possible factors contributing to ED consumption were computed using the chi-square test. Results indicated that a total of 58% of students were consuming EDs mainly to stay awake (31%), to be more alert (14%), and to help with concentration (15%), 69% were consuming alcohol, and 16% were consuming AmEDs. Conclusion There is an urgent need for an appropriate public health prevention intervention so that ED consumers can make informed choices when indulging in these health behaviors before the seemingly harmless consumption of ED amongst students becomes a public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Fernandes
- Department of Public Health, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, P.O. Box 215, Medunsa 0204, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kebogile Mokwena
- Department of Public Health, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, P.O. Box 215, Medunsa 0204, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Busisiwe Ntuli
- Department of Public Health, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, P.O. Box 215, Medunsa 0204, Pretoria, South Africa
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Subaiea GM, Altebainawi AF, Alshammari TM. Energy drinks and population health: consumption pattern and adverse effects among Saudi population. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1539. [PMID: 31752795 PMCID: PMC6869250 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7731-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine containing energy drinks (EDs) are heavily consumed, particularly among young adults. The number of reports of caffeine intoxication from caffeinated EDs and problems related to caffeine dependence and withdrawal is increasing. The objective was to assess the knowledge and perceived beneficial effects of EDs consumers, to assess consumption patterns and determine the adverse effects experienced by different EDs consumer groups residing in Saudi Arabia. METHODS An observational cross-sectional study with data from a randomly selected Saudi population was conducted during the period of January 15th, 2015, to April 15th, 2015, using a pre-tested 43-item questionnaire. The data were obtained and collected using interview questionnaires. Sociodemographic characteristics and data on EDs consumption patterns, the level of awareness among study subjects, and the purported benefits and reported adverse effects of EDs were collected. Frequency, percentage, and arithmetic means were calculated using Chi-square and ANOVA tests, and data with p < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS Of the 816 individuals invited to participate in the study, 783 participants responded and completed interviews, response rate was 96%. Consumers attributed the popularity of EDs to massive advertising media (46.7%) and their stimulating and invigorating effects (37.5%). EDs are consumed by subjects for their effects on fatigue reduction (64.6%), increased alertness and focus (75.8%), and assistance during long driving trips (75.7%). Study subjects reported suffering from adverse effects, including mainly diuresis (53.7%), palpitations (50.7%), insomnia (50.7%). Importantly, an inverse association was identified between knowledge of EDs and consumption rate, and a proportional association was identified between experienced adverse effects and consumption frequency. Lower knowledge scores were identified in daily consumers than in 1-3 times monthly consumers; higher adverse events were experienced by daily consumers than by 1-3 times monthly consumers. The majority of consumers (84.6%) recommended that authorities should regulate EDs consumption. CONCLUSIONS Excessive EDs consumption is associated with an increased risk of experiencing several adverse events, which is commensurate with published studies. Increasing knowledge about EDs and their possible risks could decrease their consumption by the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehad M. Subaiea
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali F. Altebainawi
- Medication Safety Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Khalid Hospital, Ministry of Health, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamir M. Alshammari
- Medication Safety Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, P.O.Box 6166, Zip code 81442 Hail City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Voskoboinik A, Kalman JM, Kistler PM. Caffeine and Arrhythmias. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2018; 4:425-432. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Nowak D, Gośliński M, Nowatkowska K. The Effect of Acute Consumption of Energy Drinks on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Blood Glucose in the Group of Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15030544. [PMID: 29562659 PMCID: PMC5877089 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15030544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Energy drinks (EDs) are very popular among young people, who consume them for various reasons. A standard ED typically contains 80 mg of caffeine, as well as glucose, taurine, vitamins and other ingredients. Excessive consumption of EDs and accumulation of the above ingredients, as well as their mutual interactions, can be hazardous to the health of young adults. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of acute consumption of energy drinks on blood pressure, heart rate and blood glucose. Methods: The study involved 68 volunteers, healthy young adults (mean age 25 years), who were divided into two groups: the first consumed three EDs at one-hour intervals, and the second drank the same amount of water. All participants had their blood pressure (BP)—systolic and diastolic (SBP and DBP)—as well as heart rate (HR) and blood glucose (BG) measured. In addition, participants could report any health problems before and after consuming each portion of ED. Results: In the above experiment, having consumed three portions of ED (240 mg of caffeine), the participants presented a significant increase in DBP (p = 0.003), by over 8%, which coincided with a lack of any significant impact on SBP (p = 0.809). No significant changes were noted in HR (p = 0.750). Consumption of EDs caused a significant increase (p < 0.001) in BG, by ca. 21%, on average. Some participants reported various discomforts, which escalated after 2 and 3 EDs. Conclusions: Acute consumption of EDs contributed to increased diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose and level of discomfort in healthy young people. Our results reinforce the need for further studies on a larger population to provide sufficient evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Dębowa 3, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Michał Gośliński
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Dębowa 3, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Kamila Nowatkowska
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Dębowa 3, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Gray B, Ingles J, Medi C, Driscoll T, Semsarian C. Cardiovascular Effects of Energy Drinks in Familial Long QT Syndrome: A Randomized Cross-Over Study. Int J Cardiol 2017; 231:150-154. [PMID: 28189188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeinated energy drinks may trigger serious cardiac effects. The aim of this study was to determine the cardiovascular effects of caffeinated energy drink consumption in patients with familial long QT syndrome (LQTS). METHODS AND RESULTS From 2014-2016, 24 LQTS patients aged 16-50 years were recruited to a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study of energy drink (ED) versus control (CD) with participants acting as their own controls (one week washout). The primary study outcome was an increase in corrected QT interval (QTc) by >20ms. Secondary outcomes were changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In 24 patients with LQTS (no dropout), mean age was 29±9 years, 13/24 (54%) were female, and 8/24 (33%) were probands. Intention to treat analysis revealed no significant change in QTc with ED compared with CD (12±28ms vs 16±27ms, 3% vs 4%, p=0.71). The systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly increased with ED compared to CD (peak change 7±16mmHg vs 1±16mmHg, 6% vs 0.8%, p=0.046 and 8±10 vs 2±9mmHg, 11% vs 3% p=0.01 respectively). These changes correlated with significant increases in serum caffeine (14.6±11.3 vs 0.5±0.1μmol/L, p<0.001) and serum taurine (737±199 vs -59±22μmol/L, p<0.001). There were three patients with dangerous QTc prolongation of ≥50ms following energy drink consumption. CONCLUSION Caffeinated energy drinks have significant haemodynamic effects in patients with LQTS, especifically an acute increase in blood pressure. Since dangerous QTc prolongation was seen in some LQTS patients, we recommend caution in young patients with LQTS consuming energy drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Gray
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jodie Ingles
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, NSW, Australia.
| | - Caroline Medi
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, NSW, Australia.
| | | | - Christopher Semsarian
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, NSW, Australia.
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Carbone A, D'Andrea A, Riegler L, Scarafile R, Pezzullo E, Martone F, America R, Liccardo B, Galderisi M, Bossone E, Calabrò R. Cardiac damage in athlete's heart: When the "supernormal" heart fails! World J Cardiol 2017; 9:470-480. [PMID: 28706583 PMCID: PMC5491465 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v9.i6.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intense exercise may cause heart remodeling to compensate increases in blood pressure or volume by increasing muscle mass. Cardiac changes do not involve only the left ventricle, but all heart chambers. Physiological cardiac modeling in athletes is associated with normal or enhanced cardiac function, but recent studies have documented decrements in left ventricular function during intense exercise and the release of cardiac markers of necrosis in athlete's blood of uncertain significance. Furthermore, cardiac remodeling may predispose athletes to heart disease and result in electrical remodeling, responsible for arrhythmias. Athlete's heart is a physiological condition and does not require a specific treatment. In some conditions, it is important to differentiate the physiological adaptations from pathological conditions, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic dysplasia of the right ventricle, and non-compaction myocardium, for the greater risk of sudden cardiac death of these conditions. Moreover, some drugs and performance-enhancing drugs can cause structural alterations and arrhythmias, therefore, their use should be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Carbone
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonello D'Andrea
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Riegler
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Scarafile
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Enrica Pezzullo
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Martone
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella America
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio Liccardo
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Galderisi
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Eduardo Bossone
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Calabrò
- Andreina Carbone, Antonello D'Andrea, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Enrica Pezzullo, Francesca Martone, Raffaella America, Biagio Liccardo, Raffaele Calabrò, Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Mattioli AV, Pennella S, Manenti A, Farinetti A. Energy drink overconsumption can trigger atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2017; 17:902-904. [PMID: 27782932 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Mattioli
- aDepartment of Life Science bDepartment of Surgery, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Nowak D, Jasionowski A. Analysis of Consumption of Energy Drinks by a Group of Adolescent Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E768. [PMID: 27483299 PMCID: PMC4997454 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13080768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy drinks (EDs) have become widely popular among young adults and, even more so, among adolescents. Increasingly, they are consumed by athletes, particularly those who have just begun their sporting career. Uncontrolled and high consumption of EDs, in addition to other sources of caffeine, may pose a threat to the health of young people. Hence, our objective was to analyze the consumption of EDs among teenagers engaged in sports, including quantity consumed, identification of factors influencing consumption, and risks associated with EDs and EDs mixed with alcohol (AmEDs). METHODS The study involved a specially designed questionnaire, which was completed by 707 students, 14.3 years of age on average, attending secondary sports schools. RESULTS EDs were consumed by 69% of the young athletes, 17% of whom drank EDs quite often: every day or 1-3 times a week. Most respondents felt no effects after drinking EDs, but some reported symptoms, including insomnia, anxiety, tachycardia, nervousness and irritability. The major determinant of the choice of EDs was taste (47%), followed by price (21%). One in ten respondents admitted to consumption of AmEDs. Among the consequences reported were: abdominal pains, nausea, vomiting, amnesia, headache, and hangover. CONCLUSIONS EDs consumption among adolescent athletes was relatively high. Considering the habit of AmEDs and literature data, it is worth emphasizing that it may lead to health problems in the near future, alcohol- or drug-dependence, as well as other types of risk behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Dębowa 3, Bydgoszcz 85-626, Poland.
| | - Artur Jasionowski
- Department of Theoretical Foundations of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Dębowa 3, Bydgoszcz 85-626, Poland.
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Busuttil M, Willoughby S. A survey of energy drink consumption among young patients presenting to the emergency department with the symptom of palpitations. Int J Cardiol 2016; 204:55-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Gurley BJ, Steelman SC, Thomas SL. Multi-ingredient, Caffeine-containing Dietary Supplements: History, Safety, and Efficacy. Clin Ther 2015; 37:275-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Energy Drink Consumption and Associated Health Behaviors Among University Students in an Urban Setting. J Community Health 2013; 39:132-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10900-013-9749-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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