• Alzheimer's Disease
• LED
• Oxidative stress
• Photobiomodulation
• Taurine

• Humans
• Taurine/pharmacology
• Oxidative Stress/drug effects
• Oxidative Stress/radiation effects
• Hydrogen Peroxide
• Low-Level Light Therapy/methods
• Mitochondria/drug effects
• Mitochondria/radiation effects
• Cell Line, Tumor
• Cell Survival/drug effects
• Cell Survival/radiation effects
• Alzheimer Disease
• Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology

• 001 Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)
• 01.13.0275.00 Research and Projects Financing (Finep)
• 2022/08664-4 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
• 2016/17984-1 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
• 2018/12605-8 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
• 2018/07366-4 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
• 2012/50880-4 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
• 406396/2021 National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)
• 308012/2021-6 National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)
• 150903/2024-3 National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)
• 406258/2022-8 National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT-Model 3D)
• 152384/2024-3 National Council for Scientific and Technological Development

• Caffeine
• Endurance exercise
• Hypoxic environment
• Repetitive sprint exercise
• Taurine
• Team sports

• Humans
• Taurine/pharmacology
• Taurine/administration & dosage
• Caffeine/pharmacology
• Caffeine/administration & dosage
• Male
• Hypoxia/physiopathology
• Cognition/drug effects
• Athletic Performance/physiology
• Young Adult
• Double-Blind Method
• Adult
• Cross-Over Studies
• Exercise/physiology
• Dietary Supplements
• Running/physiology
• Heart Rate/drug effects

• Compound danshen pills
• Fatty liver
• Hypercholesterolemia
• Metabolomics
• Network pharmacology

• Animals
• Hypercholesterolemia/drug therapy
• Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
• Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
• Network Pharmacology
• Male
• Metabolomics
• Rats, Sprague-Dawley
• Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
• Salvia miltiorrhiza/chemistry
• Diet, High-Fat
• Rats
• Disease Models, Animal
• Liver/drug effects
• Liver/metabolism
• Liver/pathology
• Camphanes
• Panax notoginseng

• Amines
• Attenuated total reflectance—Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
• Groundwater pollution
• Molecular interactions
• Taurine

• Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada

• GC-MS
• SSR markers
• Vanillin-HCl staining
• caffeine
• carbendazim

• Antioxidant
• Cholecalciferol
• Diabetes complications
• Glycated hemoglobin%
• Metformin
• Taurine

• adverse effects
• alcohol
• arrhythmia
• atrial fibrillation
• caffeine
• cardiovascular
• case report
• death
• energy drink
• prevention
• young adults

• F/08/23 Deutsche Herzstiftung

• Adolescent
• Child
• Female
• Pregnancy
• Humans
• Energy Drinks
• Caffeine
• Vitamins
• Nutrients
• Ascorbic Acid

• caffeine
• choroidal thickness
• coffee
• energy drink
• optical coherence tomography
• water drink test

• Monster
• Red Bull
• adverse effects
• arrhythmia
• death
• energy drink
• taurine

• Animals
• Young Adult
• Humans
• Adolescent
• Energy Drinks/adverse effects
• Human Body
• Caffeine/adverse effects
• Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
• Athletes

• adolescence
• alcohol
• alcohol use disorders
• caffeine
• energy drinks
• sport
• taurine

• Cartilage
• Osteoarthritis
• Osteoblasts
• Osteoclasts
• Osteoporosis
• Taurine

• Animals
• Cartilage/metabolism
• Humans
• Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
• Osteogenesis
• Osteoporosis
• Taurine/metabolism

The problem addressed in this study is the appropriateness of using different pre-training supplementation strategies and their ability to improve training performance and psychological measures. The aim of the study is the evaluation of the effectiveness of a multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement (MIPS) containing beta-alanine, L-citrulline malate, arginine alpha-ketoglutarate, L-taurine, L-tyrosine and caffeine compared to an exact dosage of anhydrous caffeine in bench press strength endurance, feeling scale (FS), felt arousal scale (FAS) and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). A group of fifteen resistance-trained males, weighing 83.92 ± 8.95 kg and having an average of 5.6 ± 3.38 years of training experience, tested their bench press 10 repetition maximum (79.01 ± 12.13). In a cross-over manner, they participated in two sessions where they were blinded to the order of supplementation they were given: either a MIPS including caffeine or caffeine alone. They completed the bench press strength endurance test with pre- and post-training psychological assessments containing FS, FAS and sRPE. Bench press repetition volume was greater after anhydrous caffeine than MIPS supplementation with no difference in psychological measures. These results indicate that MIPS supplementation is less ergogenic and cost effective than caffeine alone.

• Caffeine
• arrhythmia
• energy drink
• sudden cardiac death
• taurine

• coagulation
• hemostasis/haemostasis
• platelet activity
• platelet aggregation
• platelet reactivity
• prothrombotic state
• taurine
• taurine derivatives/analogues
• thrombosis
• thrombotic diathesis

• Taurine
• hyperlipidemia
• lipid metabolism
• molecular targets
• transcription factors

• Animals
• Humans
• Taurine/pharmacology
• Hypercholesterolemia/complications
• Hypercholesterolemia/metabolism
• Atherosclerosis
• Lipid Metabolism
• Lipids

• Aluminum phosphide
• Cardiotoxicity
• Mitochondrial toxicity
• Oxidative stress
• Taurine

• Aluminum Compounds/toxicity
• Animals
• Blood Pressure/drug effects
• Cardiotonic Agents/therapeutic use
• Cardiotoxicity/drug therapy
• Cardiotoxicity/metabolism
• Creatine Kinase/metabolism
• Electrocardiography/drug effects
• Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins/metabolism
• Heart/drug effects
• Heart Rate/drug effects
• Male
• Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
• Mitochondria/drug effects
• Mitochondria/enzymology
• Myocardium/enzymology
• Oxidative Stress/drug effects
• Phosphines/toxicity
• Rats, Wistar
• Taurine/therapeutic use
• Troponin I/metabolism
• Rats

Liver fibrosis is a significant health problem that can cause serious illness and death. Unfortunately, a standard treatment for liver fibrosis has not been approved yet due to its complicated pathogenesis. The current study aimed at assessing the anti-fibrotic effect of taurine against thioacetamide induced liver fibrosis in rats through the modulation of toll like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Both concomitant and late taurine treatment (100 mg/kg, IP, daily) significantly reduced the rise in serum ALT and AST activities and significantly reversed the decrease in serum albumin and total protein. These results were confirmed by histopathological examinations and immunehistochemical inspection of α-SMA, caspase-3 and NF-κB. The antioxidant potential of taurine was verified by a marked increase of GSH content and a reduction of MDA level in liver tissue. The anti-fibrotic effects of taurine were evaluated by investigating the expression of TLR4, NF-κB. The protein levels of IL-6, LPS, MyD88, MD2, CD14, TGF-β1 and TNF-α were determined. Docking studies were carried out to understand how taurine interacts inside TLR4-MD2 complex and it showed good binding with the hydrophobic binding site of MD2. We concluded that the anti-fibrotic effect of taurine was attributable to the modulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling.

• Adenine
• Azelate
• Cardiovascular
• Heart rate
• QT interval
• Theophylline

Exercise-induced oxidative stress is linked with the expression level of endogenous antioxidants, but these antioxidants cannot overcome all oxidative stress-related damages in the cells, particularly when cells are under physiological stress. Sometimes, compounds are needed for cellular function, which are produced/activated within the cells, and these compounds can be synthesized by performing exercise, especially high-performance exercise. Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid used for various physiological functions. However, its synthesis and accumulation under the oxidative environment may be compromised. Recently, we have shown that taurine level is increased during exercise performance with a decrease in oxidative damage in overused muscles. Other studies have also shown that short-term supplementation with taurine increased physiological performance during severe work intensities, suggesting the role of taurine in improving muscle performance during exercise. However, its precursor cysteine is used in the synthesis of other compounds like GSH and Coenzyme A, which are important for regulating the redox system and energy homeostasis. It is, therefore, important to understand whether taurine synthesis within the cells can blunt the activity of other compounds that are beneficial in preventing oxidative damage during intense exercise. Furthermore, it is important to understand whether taurine supplementation can prevent the conditions observed in the physiological stress of muscles. This review discusses how taurine synthesis could alter exercise-induced ROS generation and the relationship between the physiological stress of muscle and subsequent improvements in exercise performance.

• antioxidants
• exercise
• muscle overuse
• oxidative stress
• taurine

• Biomarker
• High-fat diet
• Hyperlipidemia
• Ilicis Rotundae Cortex
• Metabolomics
• UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS

• Animals
• Biomarkers/metabolism
• China
• Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
• Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
• Fatty Acids/metabolism
• Hyperlipidemias/drug therapy
• Hyperlipidemias/metabolism
• Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology
• Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
• Lipids
• Liver/drug effects
• Liver/metabolism
• Male
• Metabolome/drug effects
• Metabolomics/methods
• Rats
• Rats, Sprague-Dawley
• Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods

Based on the fact that taurine can increase lipid metabolism, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of acute taurine supplementation on lipid oxidation levels in healthy young men after a single bout of fasting aerobic exercise. A double-blind, acute, and crossover study design was conducted. Seventeen men (age 24.8 ± 4.07y; BMI: 23.9 ± 2.57 kg/m²) participated in the present study. Different doses of taurine (TAU) (3 g or 6 g) or placebo were supplemented 90 min before a single bout of fasting aerobic exercise (on a treadmill at 60% of VO₂ max). The subjects performed three trials, and each one was separated by seven days. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after the exercise protocol of each test to analyze plasma levels of glycerol and taurine. Lipid and carbohydrate oxidation were determined immediately after exercise for 15 min by indirect calorimetry. We observed that TAU supplementation (6 g) increased lipid oxidation (38%) and reduced the respiratory coefficient (4%) when compared to the placebo (p < 0.05). However, no differences in lipid oxidation were observed between the different doses of taurine (3 g and 6 g). For glycerol concentrations, there were no differences between trials. Six grams of TAU supplementation 90 min before a single bout of aerobic exercise in a fasted state was sufficient to increase the lipid oxidation post-exercise in healthy young men.

• Aerobic exercise
• fasting
• fat oxidation
• glycerol
• supplementation
• taurine

• Adult
• Body Mass Index
• Body Weight
• Calorimetry, Indirect
• Cross-Over Studies
• Dietary Supplements
• Double-Blind Method
• Exercise
• Exercise Test
• Fasting
• Humans
• Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
• Male
• Oxidation-Reduction/drug effects
• Oxygen Consumption/drug effects
• Taurine/administration & dosage
• Taurine/blood
• Young Adult

• Genomics
• Plant genetics

The current study investigated the independent and combined effects of caffeine and taurine on anxiety-like behavior and neuroendocrine responses in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylpurine-2,6-dione), the world’s most commonly used psychoactive drug, acts as an adenosine receptor blocker and a mild central nervous system stimulant. However, excessive use of caffeine is associated with heightened anxiety levels. Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a semi-essential amino acid synthesized within the human brain, has been hypothesized to play a role in regulating anxiolytic behavior. Caffeine and taurine are two common additives in energy drinks and are often found in high concentrations in these beverages. However, few studies have investigated the interaction of these two chemicals with regards to anxiety measures. A suitable vertebrate to examine anxiety-like behavior and physiological stress responses is the zebrafish, which has shown promise due to substantial physiological and genetic homology with humans. Anxiety-like behavior in zebrafish can be determined by analyzing habituation to novelty when fish are placed into a novel tank and scototaxis (light avoidance) behavior in the light-dark test. Stress-related neuroendocrine responses can be measured in zebrafish by analyzing whole-body cortisol levels. The goal of this study was to determine if exposure to caffeine, taurine, or a combination of the two compounds altered anxiety-like behavior and whole-body cortisol levels in zebrafish relative to control. Zebrafish were individually exposed to either caffeine (100 mg/L), taurine (400 mg/L), or both for 15 min. Zebrafish in the control group were handled in the same manner but were only exposed to system tank water. After treatment, fish were transferred to the novel tank test or the light-dark test. Behavior was tracked for the first 6 min in the novel tank and 15 min in the light-tark test. Fifteen min after introduction to the behavioral task, fish were euthanized for the analysis of whole-body cortisol levels. The results demonstrate that caffeine treatment decreased the amount of exploration in the top of the novel tank and increased scototaxis behavior in the light-dark test, which supports the established anxiogenic effect of acute exposure to caffeine. Taurine alone did not alter basal levels of anxiety-like behavioral responses nor ameliorated the anxiogenic effects of caffeine on behavior when the two compounds were administered concurrently. None of the drug treatments altered basal levels of whole-body cortisol. The current results of this study suggest that, at least at this dose and time of exposure, taurine does not mitigate the anxiety-producing effects of caffeine when administered in combination, such as with energy drink consumption.

• Anxiety
• Anxiety-like behavior
• Caffeine
• Cortisol
• Energy drink
• HPA
• HPI
• Stress
• Taurine
• Zebrafish

• QT interval electocardiography
• blood pressure
• electrocardiography
• energy drinks
• hemodynamics

• Caffeine
• Cardiovascular effects
• Energy drinks
• Guarana
• Taurine

• N-Acetylcysteine
• Taurine

• arrhythmias
• caffeine
• energy drinks
• sudden cardiac death

Caffeine in doses <400 mg is typically not considered arrhythmogenic, but little is known about the additional ingredients in energy drinks. We evaluated the ECG and blood pressure (BP) effects of high‐volume energy drink consumption compared with caffeine alone.

This was a randomized, double‐blind, controlled, crossover study in 18 young, healthy volunteers. Participants consumed either 946 mL (32 ounces) of energy drink or caffeinated control drink, both of which contained 320 mg of caffeine, separated by a 6‐day washout period. ECG, peripheral BP, and central BP measurements were obtained at baseline and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours post study drink consumption. The time‐matched, baseline‐adjusted changes were compared. The change in corrected QT interval from baseline in the energy drink arm was significantly higher than the caffeine arm at 2 hours (0.44±18.4 ms versus −10.4±14.8 ms, respectively; P=0.02). The QTc changes were not different at other time points. While both the energy drink and caffeine arms raised systolic BP in a similar fashion initially, the systolic BP was significantly higher at 6 hours when compared with the caffeine arm (4.72±4.67 mm Hg versus 0.83±6.09 mm Hg, respectively; P=0.01). Heart rate, diastolic BP, central systolic BP, and central diastolic BP showed no evidence of a difference between groups at any time point. Post energy drink, augmentation index was lower at 6 hours.

The corrected QT interval and systolic BP were significantly higher post high‐volume energy drink consumption when compared with caffeine alone. Larger clinical trials validating these findings and evaluation of noncaffeine ingredients within energy drinks are warranted.

URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02023723.

• arrhythmia
• blood pressure
• electrocardiography
• electrophysiology
• energy drink

• Cerebral blood flow
• Mitochondrion
• Taurine
• Traumatic brain injury

In schistosomiasis, egg-induced hepatic granuloma formation is a cytokine-mediated, predominantly CD4⁺ Th2 immune response that can give rise to hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis is the main cause of increased morbidity and mortality in humans with schistosome infection. Taurine has various physiological functions and hepatoprotective properties as well as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity. However, little is known about the role of taurine in schistosome egg-induced granuloma formation and fibrosis. We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of taurine as preventative treatment for Schistosoma japonicum infection. Mice infected with S. japonicum cercariae were supplied with taurine drinking water (1% w/v) for 4 weeks starting at 4 weeks post-infection. Taurine supplementation significantly improved the liver pathologic findings, reduced the serum levels of aminotransferases and area of hepatic granuloma, and prevented fibrosis progression. In addition, taurine decreased the expression of the granulomatous and fibrogenic mediators transforming growth factor β1, tumor necrosis factor α, monocyte chemotactic protein 1α and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α as well as the endoplasmic reticulum stress marker glucose-regulated protein 78. Thus, taurine can significantly attenuate S. japonicum egg-induced hepatic granuloma and fibrosis, which may depend in part on the downregulation of some relevant cytokine/chemokines and reducing the endoplasmic reticulum stress response.

•

Taurine has potential as preventative & therapeutic treatment for schistosomiasis.

• Fibrosis
• Granuloma
• Schistosoma japonicum
• Schistosomiasis
• Taurine

In stroke and neurodegenerative disease, neuronal excitotoxicity, caused by increased extracellular glutamate levels, is known to result in calcium overload and mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial deficits may involve a deficiency in energy supply as well as generation of high levels of oxidants which are key contributors to neuronal cell death through necrotic and apoptotic mechanisms. Excessive glutamate receptor stimulation also results in increased nitric oxide generation which can be detrimental to cells as nitric oxide interacts with superoxide to form the toxic molecule peroxynitrite. High level oxidant production elicits neuronal apoptosis through the actions of proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members resulting in mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. In addition to apoptotic responses to severe stress, accumulation of misfolded proteins and high levels of oxidants can elicit endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways which may also contribute to induction of apoptosis. Two categories of therapeutics are discussed that impact major pro-death events that include induction of oxidants, calcium overload, and ER stress. The first category of therapeutic agent includes the amino acid taurine which prevents calcium overload and is also capable of preventing ER stress by inhibiting specific ER stress pathways. The second category involves N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA receptor) partial antagonists illustrated by S-Methyl-N, N-diethyldithiocarbamate sulfoxide (DETC-MeSO), and memantine. DETC-MeSO is protective through preventing excitotoxicity and calcium overload and by blocking specific ER stress pathways. Another NMDA receptor partial antagonist is memantine which prevents excessive glutamate excitation but also remarkably allows maintenance of physiological neurotransmission. Targeting of these major sites of neuronal damage using pharmacological agents is discussed in terms of potential therapeutic approaches for neurological disorders.

Taurine is a natural amino acid present as free form in many mammalian tissues and in particular in skeletal muscle. Taurine exerts many physiological functions, including membrane stabilization, osmoregulation and cytoprotective effects, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions as well as modulation of intracellular calcium concentration and ion channel function. In addition taurine may control muscle metabolism and gene expression, through yet unclear mechanisms. This review summarizes the effects of taurine on specific muscle targets and pathways as well as its therapeutic potential to restore skeletal muscle function and performance in various pathological conditions. Evidences support the link between alteration of intracellular taurine level in skeletal muscle and different pathophysiological conditions, such as disuse-induced muscle atrophy, muscular dystrophy and/or senescence, reinforcing the interest towards its exogenous supplementation. In addition, taurine treatment can be beneficial to reduce sarcolemmal hyper-excitability in myotonia-related syndromes. Although further studies are necessary to fill the gaps between animals and humans, the benefit of the amino acid appears to be due to its multiple actions on cellular functions while toxicity seems relatively low. Human clinical trials using taurine in various pathologies such as diabetes, cardiovascular and neurological disorders have been performed and may represent a guide-line for designing specific studies in patients of neuromuscular diseases.

• Blood pressure
• caffeine
• energy drink
• hemodynamics

• Animals
• Biological Transport
• Exercise/physiology
• Humans
• Muscle Contraction/drug effects
• Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
• Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
• Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
• Taurine/metabolism
• Taurine/pharmacology

This paper was designed to study metabolomic characters of the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemia and the intervention effects of Mangiferin (MG).