Advances and pitfalls in anti-double-stranded DNA autoantibody detection and interpretation

doi:10.4331/wjbc.125024

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World Journal of Biological Chemistry

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1949-8454

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Biol Chem. Sep 5, 2026; 17(3): 125024
Published online Sep 5, 2026. doi: 10.4331/wjbc.125024

Advances and pitfalls in anti-double-stranded DNA autoantibody detection and interpretation

Abdellatif Bouayad

Abdellatif Bouayad, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Oujda, Mohammed First University, Oujda-Angad 4867, Oriental Region, Morocco

Author contributions: Bouayad A wrote, designed, and approved the minireview manuscript.

AI contribution statement: The authors take full responsibility and accountability for all content of this manuscript, including any portions for which AI tools were used as assistive technologies. All AI-assisted outputs were carefully reviewed, validated, and approved by the authors. AI tools were not used to generate original scientific data, perform independent scientific analyses, or draw scientific conclusions.

Conflict-of-interest statement: The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest related to this work.

Corresponding author: Abdellatif Bouayad, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Oujda, Mohammed First University, Hay Al Hikma, P.O. Box 4867, Oujda-Angad 4867, Oriental Region, Morocco. a.bouayad@ump.ac.ma

Received: July 1, 2026
Revised: August 1, 2026
Accepted: August 25, 2026
Published online: September 5, 2026
Processing time: 67 Days and 14.6 Hours

Core Tip

Core Tip: Crithidia luciliae indirect immunofluorescence testing provides excellent specificity by preferentially detecting high-avidity anti-double-stranded DNA autoantibodies, whereas solid-phase immunoassays offer greater sensitivity at the expense of specificity. Major analytical sources of variability include differences in substrate preparation, serum dilution protocols, conjugate performance, subjective interpretation of fluorescence microscopy, and the lack of standardized calibration and harmonized reference materials. Artificial intelligence-assisted image analysis may further enable automated interpretation of indirect immunofluorescence patterns, reducing inter-observer variability and improving analytical consistency.