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Yasanga T, Wunnapuk K, Phuackchantuck R, Thaikruea L, Achalawitkun T, Rungraung P, Santidherakul S. Updated Nematocyst Types in Tentacle of Venomous Box Jellyfish, Chironex indrasaksajiae(Sucharitakul, 2017) and Chiropsoides buitendijki(Horst, 1907) (Cnidaria, Cubozoa) in Thai Waters. Toxins (Basel) 2025; 17:44. [PMID: 39852997 PMCID: PMC11769429 DOI: 10.3390/toxins17010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2024] [Revised: 01/07/2025] [Accepted: 01/15/2025] [Indexed: 01/26/2025] Open
Abstract
The multiple-tentacle box jellyfish, Chironex indrasaksajiae (Sucharitakul, 2017) and Chiropsoides buitendijki (Horst, 1907), are venomous species found in Thai waters. They are responsible for numerous envenomations through their stinging organelles, nematocysts. These specialized microscopic structures discharge venom, yet detailed knowledge of their types and morphology in these species remains limited. This study updates the characterization of nematocyst types and features in C. indrasaksajiae and C. buitendijki using light and scanning electron microscopy for detailed examination. Four distinct nematocyst types were identified: banana-shaped microbasic p-mastigophores, oval-shaped microbasic p-rhopaloids, sub-spherical microbasic p-rhopaloids, and rod-shaped isorhizas. In C. indrasaksajiae, banana-shaped microbasic p-mastigophores exhibited significant intraspecific variability, ranging from 30.26 µm to 102.56 µm in length and 6.42 µm to 17.01 µm in width. Conversely, C. buitendijki showed a narrower size range, 72.17 µm to 98.37 µm in length and 10.73 µm to 16.48 µm in width, based on multiple individuals. The size ranges for the other nematocyst types were consistent across both species. This study enhances the understanding of nematocyst morphology in these box jellyfish, providing a foundation for further research on venom delivery mechanisms and improved management of jellyfish envenomations in Thai waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thippawan Yasanga
- Medical Science Research Equipment Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Administration Section, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Klintean Wunnapuk
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Rochana Phuackchantuck
- Research Administration Section, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Lakkana Thaikruea
- Working Group on Maritime Service Plan System Development, Region 11, Royal Thai Ministry of Public Health, Surat Thani 84000, Thailand;
| | | | - Purinat Rungraung
- Marine and Coastal Resources Research Center, The Upper Gulf of Thailand, Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, Samut Sakhon 74000, Thailand;
| | - Sineenart Santidherakul
- Medical Science Research Equipment Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Administration Section, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
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Bala AA, Oukkache N, Sanchez EE, Suntravat M, Galan JA. Venoms and Extracellular Vesicles: A New Frontier in Venom Biology. Toxins (Basel) 2025; 17:36. [PMID: 39852989 PMCID: PMC11769160 DOI: 10.3390/toxins17010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2024] [Revised: 12/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticle-sized vesicles secreted by nearly all cell types under normal physiological conditions. In toxicological research, EVs have emerged as a crucial link between public health and multi-omics approaches, offering insights into cellular responses to disease-causing injury agents such as environmental and biological toxins, contaminants, and drugs. Notably, EVs present a unique opportunity to deepen our understanding of the pathophysiology of envenomation by natural toxins. Recent advancements in isolating and purifying EV cargo, mass spectrometry techniques, and bioinformatics have positioned EVs as potential biomarkers that could elucidate biological signaling pathways and provide valuable information on the relationship between venomous toxins, their mechanisms of action, and the effectiveness of antivenoms. Additionally, EVs hold promise as proxies for various aspects of envenomation, including the toxin dosage, biological characterization, injury progression, and prognosis during therapeutic interventions. These aspects can be explored through multi-omics technology applied to EV contents from the plasma, saliva, or urine samples of envenomated individuals, offering a comprehensive integrative approach to understanding and managing envenomation cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auwal A. Bala
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA;
| | - Naoual Oukkache
- Laboratory of Venoms and Toxins, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca 20360, Morocco;
| | - Elda E. Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry and National Natural Toxins Research Center, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (E.E.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Montamas Suntravat
- Department of Chemistry and National Natural Toxins Research Center, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (E.E.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Jacob A. Galan
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA;
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Zhang J, Yang F, Tang D, Wang Z, He K, Chen J, Danso B, Wei D, Höfer J, Sun Y, Xiao L, Dong W. Sika Deer antler protein antagonizes the inflammatory response and oxidative damage induced by jellyfish venom. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 143:113343. [PMID: 39388896 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 09/22/2024] [Accepted: 10/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
The investigation into specific treatments for jellyfish stings has consistently presented a significant medical challenge. Sika Deer antler protein (DAP), a valuable component of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) known for its various pharmacological properties, has been widely utilized for the prevention and treatment of numerous diseases. In this study, proteome analysis and biological activity assays of DAP identified 94 distinct protein components and demonstrated its capability to scavenge free radicals. Moreover, administration of 50 mg/kg DAP notably enhanced survival rates in mice, mitigated increases in hematological indicators and inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and alleviated pathological abnormalities induced by jellyfish venom. Additionally, DAP intervention significantly decreased the hemolysis rate and improved the viability of RAW264.7 cells, while reducing cell apoptosis and oxidative stress. Transcriptome analysis and western blotting of RAW264.7 cells further confirmed that DAP inhibited the activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Overall, DAP effectively countered the toxicity of jellyfish venom by reducing oxidative damage and inflammatory response, highlighting the potential of TCM in treating jellyfish stings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fengling Yang
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dahai Tang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zengfa Wang
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Kejin He
- Basic School of Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jingbo Chen
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Blessing Danso
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dunbiao Wei
- Hospital of No. 92196 Unit of Chinese Navy, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Juan Höfer
- Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Región de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China.
| | - Liang Xiao
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Weibing Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China.
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Colaço Martins L, Gomes-Pereira JN, Dionísio G, Assis J. Unravelling environmental drivers and patterns of Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis) blooms in two ocean regions: North Atlantic and the Southeast Pacific. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 209:117278. [PMID: 39561486 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 11/05/2024] [Accepted: 11/06/2024] [Indexed: 11/21/2024]
Abstract
Jellyfish blooms can significantly impact marine food webs, biochemical processes and human health, disrupting various economic sectors, including fisheries, aquaculture and tourism. Thus, understanding the regional drivers and patterns of jellyfish occurrence is key for developing effective management strategies. The Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis) is a hazardous, cosmopolitan siphonophore of particular concern, requiring a deeper ecological understanding to effectively guide mitigation efforts. Our study reveals that the occurrence of P. physalis in both the North Atlantic (Azores, Portugal) and the Southeast Pacific (Australian East Coast) is driven by region-specific wind patterns and increased primary productivity (>30 % model contribution), with warming conditions emerging as an additional occurrence driver on the Australian East Coast (∼20 % model contribution). These insights resulted from machine learning models (Boosted Regression Trees) trained with high-resolution environmental data against field data describing the temporal variability of P. physalis occurrence (North Atlantic: 2008-2021; Southeast Pacific: 2016-2020). The models achieved excellent predictive performance (AUC North Atlantic: 1.00; AUC Southeast Pacific: 0.92) and allowed hindcasting occurrences over 30 years, uncovering contrasting trends between the two regions, with decadal fluctuations in the Azores and a significant increase in occurrence over time on the Australian East Coast. Overall, we provide a better understanding of the drivers and patterns of P. physalis occurrence, which can support the development of coastal management strategies. Importantly, the anticipated changes in productivity and temperature conditions in both regions may result in increased blooms in the years to come, further exerting impacts on the ecosystems, human health, and the economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Colaço Martins
- Centre for Marine Sciences, CCMAR-CIMAR, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - José Nuno Gomes-Pereira
- Atlantic Naturalist Association, Mons. Silveira de Medeiros, 6 9900-021 Horta, Portugal; Naturalist - Science & Tourism Lab, 9900-026, Cais de Santa Cruz, A, Horta, Faial, Portugal; Institute of Marine Sciences - Okeanos, University of the Azores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal.
| | - Gisela Dionísio
- Atlantic Naturalist Association, Mons. Silveira de Medeiros, 6 9900-021 Horta, Portugal; Naturalist - Science & Tourism Lab, 9900-026, Cais de Santa Cruz, A, Horta, Faial, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Jorge Assis
- Centre for Marine Sciences, CCMAR-CIMAR, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.
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Shadiack A, Banks JB. A Retrospective Data Analysis on Marine Animal Injuries at a Large, Multi-Site Medical System. HCA HEALTHCARE JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2024; 5:671-680. [PMID: 39790690 PMCID: PMC11708931 DOI: 10.36518/2689-0216.1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
Background With increasing numbers of human-animal interactions, there has been an increase in animal-related injuries. While canine bites are the most commonly reported animal injury, little data exists in regard to the other classes of animals, particularly marine life. The last comprehensive report on injuries related to noncanine bites and stings seen in emergency departments (EDs) across the US was between 2011 and 2015. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis from 2014-2019 on marine injuries from a large hospital network with over 180 hospitals, 100 freestanding EDs, and 170 urgent care centers to provide an update on the volume and greatest contributors to these types of injuries being treated in US hospital EDs. We used existing, de-identified data from HCA's EDW using Teradata SQL. All data were descriptive. Of the 4092 patients aged 18 and older included in this study; 2692 were male (65.8%) and 1400 were female (34.2%). Results Of the total, 4010 (98.0%) patients were discharged home, 15 (0.4%) were admitted, 66 (1.6%) were classified as other, and 1 (0.02%) was referred to long-term care. The majority of injuries were caused by stingrays (1196, 29.23%), catfish (974, 23.8%), jellyfish (421, 10.3%), and other fish (541, 13.2%). The majority of injuries from all encounters occurred on the foot (1449, 35.4%) and hand (1181, 28.9%). The second and third quarters of each year were found to have the highest number of injuries (1290, 31.5% and 1742, 42.5%, respectively). Conclusion Our results demonstrated that the majority of injuries were due to stingrays, jellyfish, and small fish, specifically catfish. As expected, the majority of injuries occurred on hands and feet. They occurred mostly during the summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Shadiack
- Grand Strand Medical Center, Myrtle Beach, SC
- Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA
| | - J Burton Banks
- Grand Strand Medical Center, Myrtle Beach, SC
- Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA
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Wofford KA. Aquatic envenomation: First aid and prevention tips for US waters. Nursing 2024; 54:17-24. [PMID: 39497663 DOI: 10.1097/nsg.0000000000000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Envenomation by an aquatic animal can produce distressing and occasionally life-threatening signs and symptoms. Common vectors of exposure in the US are cnidaria and venomous fish. Prompt recognition and treatment may help manage distressing symptoms, limit subsequent tissue destruction, and minimize the risk of more serious complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Wofford
- Kenneth A. Wofford is an associate professor, vice professor at the University of South Florida and a member of the Nursing2024 Editorial Board
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Chen J, Geng X, Li B, Xie J, Ma J, Qin Z, Wang M, Yang J. Homosalate and ERK Knockdown in the Modulation of Aurelia coerulea Metamorphosis by Regulating the PI3K Pathway and ERK Pathway. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:11630-11645. [PMID: 39451570 PMCID: PMC11505814 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Revised: 10/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Metamorphosis control is pivotal in preventing the outbreak of jellyfish, and it is often studied using common model organisms. The widespread use of the ultraviolet blocking agent homosalate in cosmetics poses a threat to marine ecosystems. Although the impact of homosalate on marine organisms has been extensively examined, there is a notable absence of research on its effects on jellyfish metamorphosis and the underlying mechanisms, warranting further investigation. In this study, we first established a study model by using 5-methoxy-2-methylindole to induce Aurelia coerulea metamorphosis, and selected homosalate as a PI3K agonist and an ERK agonist, while we used YS-49 as a specific PI3K agonist, as well as ERK knockdown, to observe their effect on the metamorphosis of Aurelia coerulea. The results showed that an Aurelia coerulea metamorphosis model was established successfully, and the PI3K agonist homosalate, YS-49, and the knockdown of ERK molecules could significantly delay the metamorphosis development of Aurelia coerulea. We propose that activating PI3K/Akt and inhibiting the ERK pathway are involved in the delayed development of Aurelia coerulea, which provides a new strategy for the prevention and control of jellyfish blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mingke Wang
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China; (J.C.); (X.G.); (B.L.); (J.X.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Jishun Yang
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China; (J.C.); (X.G.); (B.L.); (J.X.); (Z.Q.)
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Tassara E, Mikšík I, Pompach P, Mariottini GL, Xiao L, Giovine M, Pozzolini M. Proteomic Analysis and Biochemical Characterization of the Nematocyst Extract of the Hydrozoan Velella velella. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:468. [PMID: 39452876 PMCID: PMC11509761 DOI: 10.3390/md22100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The venom contained within cnidarian nematocysts has a complex composition and holds significant potential for biotechnological applications. In this context, one of the most effective methods for studying nematocyst contents is the proteomic approach, which can detect even trace amounts of compounds while minimizing the need for large-scale animal collection, thus helping to preserve ecosystem integrity. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive proteomic and biochemical characterization of the crude nematocyst extract from the common hydrozoan Velella velella. Despite not being harmful to humans, the analysis of the crude venom extract from V. velella brought to the identification of 783 different proteins, categorized into structural components, enzymes, and potential toxins, revealing a qualitative composition of the venom similar to that of other more toxic cnidarians. Biochemical assays confirmed the presence of various active hydrolytic enzymes within the extract, including proteases, phospholipases, hyaluronidases, DNases, and chitinases. These findings pave the road for future studies involving the pharmacological applications of Velella velella venom components through recombinant production and functional testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Tassara
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; (E.T.); (G.L.M.)
| | - Ivan Mikšík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic;
| | - Petr Pompach
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic;
| | - Gian Luigi Mariottini
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; (E.T.); (G.L.M.)
| | - Liang Xiao
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Marco Giovine
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; (E.T.); (G.L.M.)
| | - Marina Pozzolini
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; (E.T.); (G.L.M.)
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Bourg N, Schaeffer A, Molcard A, Luneau C, Hewitt DE, Chemin R. Ocean wanderers: A lab-based investigation into the effect of wind and morphology on the drift of Physalia spp. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 207:116856. [PMID: 39243474 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Physalia spp., or Man-of-War, drifts in tropical and subtropical waters, transported by ocean surface conditions. Its unique drifting behavior, influenced by dimorphism (left or right-handedness), complicates stranding predictions. Specifically, the quantification of the influence of the wind on Physalia spp. movements remains an open question, although essential for accurate Lagrangian tracking models. We investigated the wind effect on Physalia spp. by testing 3D-printed replicas in a controlled wind flume. Our findings reveal that under weak winds, left- and right-handed specimens drift symmetrically apart, aligning with strandings observed near Sydney, Australia. As wind speed rises, the drift angle decreases exponentially from approximately 40°, eventually stabilizing near a downwind direction in high winds. On average, the drift speed is 1.7 % of the wind speed. Variations in body shape impact drift angles and stability, adding stochasticity to paths. The proposed empirical relationship might advance knowledge of Physalia spp. sources, distribution and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Bourg
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Universite de Toulon Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS IRD, Toulon, France
| | - Amandine Schaeffer
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Centre for Marine Science and Innovation Coastal and Regional Oceanography Laboratory, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Anne Molcard
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Universite de Toulon Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS IRD, Toulon, France
| | | | - Daniel E Hewitt
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Centre for Marine Science and Innovation Coastal and Regional Oceanography Laboratory, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Rémi Chemin
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Universite de Toulon Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS IRD, Toulon, France
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Geng XY, Wang MK, Hou XC, Wang ZF, Wang Y, Zhang DY, Danso B, Wei DB, Shou ZY, Xiao L, Yang JS. Comparative Analysis of Tentacle Extract and Nematocyst Venom: Toxicity, Mechanism, and Potential Intervention in the Giant Jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:362. [PMID: 39195478 DOI: 10.3390/md22080362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai sting can cause local and systemic reactions; however, comparative analysis of the tentacle extract (TE) and nematocyst venom extract (NV), and its toxicity, mechanism, and potential intervention are still limited. This study compared venom from TE and NV for their composition, toxicity, and efficacy in vitro and in vivo used RAW264.7 cells and ICR mice. A total of 239 and 225 toxin proteins were identified in TE and NV by proteomics, respectively. Pathological analysis revealed that TE and NV caused heart and liver damage through apoptosis, necrosis, and inflammation, while TE exhibited higher toxicity ex vivo and in vivo. Biochemical markers indicated TE and NV elevated creatine kinase, lactatedehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase, with the TE group showing a more significant increase. Transcriptomics and Western blotting indicated both venoms increased cytokines expression and MAPK signaling pathways. Additionally, 1 mg/kg PACOCF3 (the phospholipase A2 inhibitor) improved survival from 16.7% to 75% in mice. Our results indicate that different extraction methods impact venom activities, tentacle autolysis preserves toxin proteins and their toxicity, and PACOCF3 is a potential antidote, which establishes a good extraction method of jellyfish venom, expands our understanding of jellyfish toxicity, mechanism, and provides a promising intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Geng
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Ming-Ke Wang
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Hou
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zeng-Fa Wang
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Die-Yu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Blessing Danso
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dun-Biao Wei
- Unit 92196 of the People's Liberation Army, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Zhao-Yong Shou
- Faculty of Health Service, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ji-Shun Yang
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
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Peng X, Liu KT, Chen JB, Yan ZH, Danso B, Wang MK, Peng ZY, Xiao L. Jellyfish Stings: A Review of Skin Symptoms, Pathophysiology, and Management. Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e944265. [PMID: 39074073 PMCID: PMC11297359 DOI: 10.12659/msm.944265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
With the surge in the human coastal population and the increasing frequency of human activities along the coast, cases of marine envenomation, particularly jellyfish envenomation, have notably risen. Jellyfish stings can induce a spectrum of symptoms that vary in severity, encompassing skin injuries, acute systemic venom effects, delayed indirect sequelae, and even fatality, causing significant distress to patients. Among these manifestations, the occurrence of skin lesions following jellyfish stings is prevalent and substantial. These lesions are characterized by evident blister formation, development of bullae, subcutaneous hemorrhage, erythema, papules, wheal, ecchymosis, and ulceration or skin necrosis. Local cutaneous manifestations may persist for several weeks or even months after the initial sting. Despite aggressive treatment, many skin injuries still result in significant pigmentation or scarring after recovery. To address this issue effectively, it is imperative to conduct comprehensive evidence-based medical research, elucidate various components within jellyfish venom, and elucidate its pathogenic mechanism to develop targeted treatment programs. This article aims to review the skin symptoms, pathophysiology, and management of jellyfish stings. Such considerations can provide comprehensive guidance to medical professionals and the public and minimize the harm caused by jellyfish stings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Peng
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ke-tong Liu
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jing-bo Chen
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety Defense (Naval Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zi-hao Yan
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Blessing Danso
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ming-ke Wang
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhao-yun Peng
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety Defense (Naval Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Liang Xiao
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety Defense (Naval Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Shanghai, PR China
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Niżnik Ł, Jabłońska K, Orczyk M, Orzechowska M, Jasińska J, Smoliniec B, Hućko A, Kosowicz P, Klocek A, Słoma P, Roztoczyńska A, Toporowska-Kaźmierak J, Jurowski K. Hot-Water Immersion (HWI) or Ice-Pack Treatment (IPT) as First Aid for Human Envenomation by Marine Animals? Review of Literature. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:273. [PMID: 38922167 PMCID: PMC11209160 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Envenomation by marine animals poses a significant health concern globally, affecting both local residents and tourists in coastal regions. The primary objective of this review is to critically evaluate the existing scientific literature to determine the most effective first-aid treatment for envenomations caused by marine animals, specifically whether hot-water immersion (HWI) or ice-pack treatment (IPT) provides the best immediate care. This comprehensive review covers a wide range of marine envenomations, from jellyfish stings to stingray injuries. While our focus is primarily on the efficacy of HWI and IPT, we also explore the role of cold-water treatment as a result of its relevance and similarity to ice-pack applications. In addition, we examine other treatments mentioned in the literature, such as medications or vinegar, and highlight their findings where applicable. To provide a clear and structured overview, we summarised the articles in separate tables. These tables categorise the type of research conducted, the marine species studied, the region of origin of the marine species, and the key findings of each study. Our analysis of the available evidence indicates a general consensus in the scientific community on the effectiveness of HWI or IPT for envenomation by marine animals. However, when treating those injuries, it is crucial to consider all factors since there is no universally superior treatment due to the diverse nature of marine habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Niżnik
- Department of Regulatory and Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Medical Expertise, Łódź, ul. Aleksandrowska 67/93, 91-205 Łódź, Poland
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Karolina Jabłońska
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Michał Orczyk
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Martyna Orzechowska
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Judyta Jasińska
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Barbara Smoliniec
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Hućko
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Piotr Kosowicz
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Anna Klocek
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Paweł Słoma
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Roztoczyńska
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Joanna Toporowska-Kaźmierak
- Toxicological Science Club ‘Paracelsus’, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland (A.K.)
| | - Kamil Jurowski
- Department of Regulatory and Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Medical Expertise, Łódź, ul. Aleksandrowska 67/93, 91-205 Łódź, Poland
- Laboratory of Innovative Toxicological Research and Analyses, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
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Liu R, Wang Y, Kuai W, Li W, Wang Z, Xiao L, Wu J. Troxerutin suppress inflammation response and oxidative stress in jellyfish dermatitis by activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369849. [PMID: 38779681 PMCID: PMC11109374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Stomolophus meleagris envenomation causes severe cutaneous symptoms known as jellyfish dermatitis. The potential molecule mechanisms and treatment efficiency of dermatitis remain elusive because of the complicated venom components. The biological activity and molecular regulation mechanism of Troxerutin (TRX) was firstly examined as a potential treatment for jellyfish dermatitis. Methods We examined the inhibit effects of the TRX on tentacle extract (TE) obtained from S. meleagris in vivo and in vitro using the mice paw swelling models and corresponding assays for Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Analysis, cell counting kit-8 assay, flow cytometry, respectively. The mechanism of TRX on HaCaT cells probed the altered activity of relevant signaling pathways by RNA sequencing and verified by RT-qPCR, Western blot to further confirm protective effects of TRX against the inflammation and oxidative damage caused by TE. Results TE significantly induced the mice paw skin toxicity and accumulation of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species in vivo and vitro. Moreover, a robust increase in the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways was observed. While, the acute cutaneous inflammation and oxidative stress induced by TE were significantly ameliorated by TRX treatment. Notablly, TRX suppressed the phosphorylation of MAPK and NF-κB by initiating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling pathway, which result in decreasing inflammatory cytokine release. Conclusion TRX inhibits the major signaling pathway responsible for inducing inflammatory and oxidative damage of jellyfish dermatitis, offering a novel therapy in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhao Kuai
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenting Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengfa Wang
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Kirchberg TN, Cantrell FL, Coffey CH, Tomaszewski C. Nationwide Aquatic Envenomations Reported to US Poison Control Centers from 2011 to 2020. Wilderness Environ Med 2024; 35:22-29. [PMID: 38379483 DOI: 10.1177/10806032231223016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aquatic envenomations are common injuries along the coastal United States that pose a public health risk and can cause significant morbidity. We examined aquatic envenomation exposures that were called in to poison control centers (PCC) in the United States from 2011 to 2020. METHODS The Association of Poison Control Center's (AAPCC) National Poison Data System was queried for all aquatic envenomations reported during the 10 y period from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2020. Data collected included date, exposure and geographic location, patient age and sex, signs and symptoms, management setting, treatments, and clinical outcome. Duplicated records, confirmed nonexposure, and reports not originating within the United States were excluded. RESULTS There were 8517 human aquatic envenomations reported during the study period, 62% (5243) of whom were male; 56% (4264) of patients were 30 y or younger. There were an average of 852 calls per year, with 46% of calls occurring during June to August. California, Texas, and Florida had the highest number of envenomations during the study period. Fish (61%; 5159) and Cnidaria (30%; 2519) envenomations were the most common exposures. Overall, 37% (3151) of exposures were treated in healthcare facilities, with no deaths reported. CONCLUSIONS The highest proportion of aquatic envenomations occurred among younger males (≤30 y) during the summer months. While rarely leading to major adverse events, aquatic envenomations were commonly reported injuries to PCC and occurred in all 50 states. Poison control centers continue to be real-time sources of information and data regarding aquatic envenomation trends.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christanne H Coffey
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
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Li A, Yu H, Li R, Yue Y, Yu C, Liu S, Xing R, Li P. Effects of toxin metalloproteinases from jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai nematocyst on the dermal toxicity and potential treatment of jellyfish dermatitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111492. [PMID: 38218009 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Jellyfish dermatitis is a common medical problem in many countries due to the jellyfish envenomation. However, there are no specific and targeted medications for their treatment. Here we investigated the possible therapeutic effects of metalloproteinase inhibitors on the dermal toxicity of Nemopilema nomurai nematocyst venom (NnNV), a giant venomous jellyfish from China, using the jellyfish dermatitis model, focusing on inflammatory effector molecules during jellyfish envenomation. Metalloproteinase may further stimulate inflammation by promoting oxidative stress in the organism and play key roles by activating MAPK and NF-κB, in the pathogenesis of jellyfish dermatitis. And the metalloproteinase inhibitors batimastat and EDTA disodium salt may treat the Jellyfish dermatitis by inhibiting the metalloproteinase activity in NnNV. These observations suggest that the metalloproteinase components of NnNV make a considerable contribution to dermal toxicity as the inflammation effect molecular, and metalloproteinase inhibitors can be regarded as novel therapeutic medicines in jellyfish envenomation. This study contributes to understanding the mechanism of jellyfish dermatitis and suggests new targets and ideas for the treatment of jellyfish envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoyu Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Rongfeng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yang Yue
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chunlin Yu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Song Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ronge Xing
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
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Yu C, Yin X, Li A, Li R, Yu H, Xing R, Liu S, Li P. Toxin metalloproteinases exert a dominant influence on pro-inflammatory response and anti-inflammatory regulation in jellyfish sting dermatitis. J Proteomics 2024; 292:105048. [PMID: 37981009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.105048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Toxin metalloproteinases are the primary components responsible for various toxicities in jellyfish venom, and there is still no effective specific therapy for jellyfish stings. The comprehension of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying toxin metalloproteinases necessitates further refinement. In this study, we conducted a differential analysis of a dermatitis mouse model induced by jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai venom (NnNV) samples with varying levels of metalloproteinase activity. Through skin tissue proteomics and serum metabolomics, the predominant influence of toxin metalloproteinase activity on inflammatory response was revealed, and the signal pathway involved in its regulation was identified. In skin tissues, many membrane proteins were significantly down-regulated, which might cause tissue damage. The expression of pro-inflammatory factors was mainly regulated by PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. In serum, many fatty acid metabolites were significantly down-regulated, which might be the anti-inflammation feedback regulated by NF-κB p65 signaling pathway. These results reveal the dermatitis mechanism of toxin metalloproteinases and provide new therapeutic targets for further studies. SIGNIFICANCE: Omics is an important method to analyze the pathological mechanism and discover the key markers, which can reveal the pathological characteristics of jellyfish stings. Our research first analyzed the impact of toxin metalloproteinases on jellyfish sting dermatitis by skin proteomics and serum metabolomics. The present results suggest that inhibition of toxin metalloproteinases may be an effective treatment strategy, and provide new references for further jellyfish sting studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Yu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiujing Yin
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aoyu Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongfeng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Ronge Xing
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Song Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
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Thaikruea L. The Dermatological Effects of Box Jellyfish Envenomation in Stinging Victims in Thailand: Underestimated Severity. Wilderness Environ Med 2023; 34:462-472. [PMID: 37550104 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The dermatological effects of box jellyfish envenomation among stinging victims in Thailand are not well reported, particularly concerning chronic effects. For first aid, different recommendations indicate the necessity for the removal of tentacles in life-threatening situations. This study aimed to describe the dermatological effects of box jellyfish envenomation and propose recommendations regarding first aid for victims in urgent care or life-threatening situations. METHODS Surveillance systems and Toxic Jellyfish Networks were established to improve detection and investigation. The networks investigated all severe victims of jellyfish envenomation. A retrospective study was conducted, and victims of stinging by box jellyfish investigated from 1999 to 2021 were included. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-four victims were recorded. The majority of victims were males (55%), tourists (69%), and Thai nationals (49%). Direct contact had more severe consequences than indirect contact. Dermatological effects included edema, erythematous caterpillar track-like rash, blistering, bullae, papular eruption, necrosis, digital gangrene, recurrent dermatitis, dermal hypersensitivity, numbness, lichenification, hyperpigmentation, keloids, and scarring. Suffering and healing continued from several weeks to many years. Victims with multiple-tentacle box jellyfish stings had papular eruptions and greater severity of skin issues. All fatally envenomed victims collapsed within a few minutes and received incorrect/no first aid. The proposed first aid for life-threatening box jellyfish stings is continuous irrigation of the wound with vinegar for at least 30 s and initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation if there is no respiration or heartbeat. Tentacles often detach spontaneously, and removal is not always necessary, thus saving time. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide input for improving diagnosis and treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakkana Thaikruea
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Lee HE, Ki JS. The complete mitochondrial genome of the mauve stinger jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca Forskål, 1775 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae) with phylogenetic analysis. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2023; 8:1239-1242. [PMID: 38188449 PMCID: PMC10769544 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2023.2281028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study determined the complete mitochondrial genome of the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca (Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae) for the first time. The genome was a linear molecule of 16,390 bp in length and 59.3% AT. It comprised of 13 typical protein-coding genes (cox1-3, nd1-6, nd4L, atp6, atp8, and cytB), two ribosomal RNAs (16S and 12S rRNA), and two tRNAs (trnM and trnW). In addition, we detected two additional open reading frames (polB and ORF314) at one end of the genome. The gene-coding structures were identical to those of other scyphozoans. Based on a molecular phylogeny constructed using 13 protein-coding genes, P. noctiluca has the closest genetic relationship with the genus Chrysaora (Semaeostomeae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Eun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jang-Seu Ki
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul, South Korea
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Buscetta G, Rizzo C, La Barbera L, Camarda F, Federico A, Garbo BM, Florena AM, Guggino G. Severe case of rhabdomyolysis following jellyfish envenomation in the Mediterranean Sea. RMD Open 2023; 9:e003569. [PMID: 37945287 PMCID: PMC10649889 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish envenomation is a common problem in coastal areas all over the world; usually symptoms are self-limited with no long-lasting complications. Despite that, some jellyfish species, mainly populating the Indian Ocean, are renown to be potentially lethal and in some cases may cause severe myopathy. We report the first case of rhabdomyolysis following a jellyfish sting in the Mediterranean Sea. A 17-year-old patient was admitted to the intensive care unit of our hospital in life-threatening conditions. He was dyspnoeic and dysphagic with pain and functional impairment of upper and lower limbs. The evidence of a red mark in his face and the clinical presentation, coupled with the diagnostic test performed, allowed the diagnosis of toxidrome from jellyfish venom. Treatment with hydration, ventilatory support and steroids led to a progressive improvement of patient conditions. Our case report stresses the importance of prompt identification and treatment of potential rhabdomyolysis determined by jellyfish and rises awareness on the presence of such venomous species in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Buscetta
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Chiara Rizzo
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Lidia La Barbera
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Federica Camarda
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Antonino Federico
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Benedetto Maria Garbo
- Pathology Section, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Ada Maria Florena
- Pathology Section, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Giuliana Guggino
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicilia, Italy
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Yang K, Klausner JD. Case Report: Unusual Bullous Reaction to Physalia physalis Venom after Recurrent Envenomation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:201-204. [PMID: 37160271 PMCID: PMC10324016 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Physalia physalis, often referred to colloquially as Portuguese man-of-war or bluebottle jellyfish, is a jellyfish-like organism found in tropical and subtropical areas of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Most often, envenomation by P. physalis tentacles results in painful but self-resolving epidermal stings. We report on two clinic visits of a patient who suffered from worsening reactions to recurrent P. physalis envenomation. The first clinical episode involved urticaria and severe pruritus that was worse than the pruritus the patient had experienced upon envenomation in the past. The second episode involved an unusual bullous reaction. Further study into the compounds present in P. physalis venom may help elucidate the mechanism of the present case and other abnormal reactions to envenomation. Patients and providers who care for patients at risk for recurrent stings (e.g., surfers, fishermen) should be cognizant of the potential for worsening reactions to envenomation. Further study into therapies such as oral antihistamines and Aloe vera gel may uncover additional appropriate treatments for symptomatic relief of P. physalis envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yang
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeffrey D. Klausner
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Diarsvitri W, Yanagihara AA. Evaluation of a Guest Lecture on Medical Emergency of Box Jellyfish Envenomation Pathophysiology and First Aid for Medical Students. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION & PROFESSIONALISM 2023; 11:141-146. [PMID: 37469386 PMCID: PMC10352670 DOI: 10.30476/jamp.2023.98788.1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Lethal box jellyfish envenomation has been reported in Indonesia and other countries; therefore, medical students should be equipped with related knowledge. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of summative exams by student cohort and gender and determine the factors that contribute to success in the summative exams after novel intensive instruction in box jellyfish envenomation pathophysiology and first aid in undergraduate medical students in Surabaya, Indonesia. Methods This study used explanatory sequential mixed methods, consisting of a cross-sectional study and interviews. A total population sampling of 203 sixth-semester students was employed. Student cohort, gender, previous semester grade point average (GPA), and English proficiency test (EPT) were considered. All statistical tests were carried out using IBM® SPSS® Statistics version 24.0 for Macintosh. The study was complemented by interviews conducted with 20 students. Results The one-way ANOVA test showed that students from the 2016 cohort had significantly higher mean scores in the exam than the 2015 and 2014 cohorts (p=0.002). Independent samples t-test showed that such differences were not gender-specific (p=0.249). In the binary logistic regression, the GPA in the previous semester was the only factor that contributed to success in the summative exam (OR 3.031, 95% CI: 1.520-6.044). All students commented that the lecture and practicum were interesting and beneficial. However, some considered that the language barrier might have prevented them from understanding the topic well. Conclusion Results of the summative exam differed by the student cohorts, and previous semester GPA was a predictor of success in the summative exam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wienta Diarsvitri
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hang Tuah University, Surabaya 60244, Indonesia
| | - Angel Anne Yanagihara
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, The University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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McGee RG, Webster AC, Lewis SR, Welsford M. Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 6:CD009688. [PMID: 37272501 PMCID: PMC10240560 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009688.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jellyfish envenomation is common in many coastal regions and varies in severity depending upon the species. Stings cause a variety of symptoms and signs including pain, dermatological reactions, and, in some species, Irukandji syndrome (which may include abdominal/back/chest pain, tachycardia, hypertension, cardiac phenomena, and, rarely, death). Many treatments have been suggested for these symptoms, but their effectiveness is unclear. This is an update of a Cochrane Review last published in 2013. OBJECTIVES To determine the benefits and harms associated with the use of any intervention, in both adults and children, for the treatment of jellyfish stings, as assessed by randomised and quasi-randomised trials. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science up to 27 October 2022. We searched clinical trials registers and the grey literature, and conducted forward-citation searching of relevant articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs of any intervention given to treat stings from any species of jellyfish stings. Interventions were compared to another active intervention, placebo, or no treatment. If co-interventions were used, we included the study only if the co-intervention was used in each group. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. MAIN RESULTS: We included nine studies (six RCTs and three quasi-RCTs) involving a total of 574 participants. We found one ongoing study. Participants were either stung accidentally, or were healthy volunteers exposed to stings in a laboratory setting. Type of jellyfish could not be confirmed in beach settings and was determined by investigators using participant and local information. We categorised interventions into comparison groups: hot versus cold applications; topical applications. A third comparison of parenteral administration included no relevant outcome data: a single study (39 participants) evaluated intravenous magnesium sulfate after stings from jellyfish that cause Irukandji syndrome (Carukia). No studies assessed a fourth comparison group of pressure immobilisation bandages. We downgraded the certainty of the evidence due to very serious risk of bias, serious and very serious imprecision, and serious inconsistency in some results. Application of heat versus application of cold Four studies involved accidental stings treated on the beach or in hospital. Jellyfish were described as bluebottles (Physalia; location: Australia), and box jellyfish that do not cause Irukandji syndrome (Hawaiian box jellyfish (Carybdea alata) and major box jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri, location: Australia)). Treatments were applied with hot packs or hot water (showers, baths, buckets, or hoses), or ice packs or cold packs. The evidence for all outcomes was of very low certainty, thus we are unsure whether heat compared to cold leads to at least a clinically significant reduction in pain within six hours of stings from Physalia (risk ratio (RR) 2.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42 to 3.56; 2 studies, 142 participants) or Carybdea alata and Chironex fleckeri (RR 1.66, 95% CI 0.56 to 4.94; 2 studies, 71 participants). We are unsure whether there is a difference in adverse events due to treatment (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.05 to 5.19; 2 studies, 142 participants); these were minor adverse events reported for Physalia stings. We are also unsure whether either treatment leads to a clinically significant reduction in pain in the first hour (Physalia: RR 2.66, 95% CI 1.71 to 4.15; 1 study, 88 participants; Carybdea alata and Chironex fleckeri: RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.89; 1 study, 42 participants) or cessation of pain at the end of treatment (Physalia: RR 1.63, 95% CI 0.81 to 3.27; 1 study, 54 participants; Carybdea alata and Chironex fleckeri: RR 3.54, 95% CI 0.82 to 15.31; 1 study, 29 participants). Evidence for retreatment with the same intervention was only available for Physalia, with similar uncertain findings (RR 0.19, 95% CI 0.01 to 3.90; 1 study, 96 participants), as was the case for retreatment with the alternative hot or cold application after Physalia (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.82; 1 study, 54 participants) and Chironex fleckeri stings (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.02 to 11.17; 1 study, 42 participants). Evidence for dermatological signs (itchiness or rash) was available only at 24 hours for Physalia stings (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.65; 2 studies, 98 participants). Topical applications One study (62 participants) included accidental stings from Hawaiian box jellyfish (Carybdea alata) treated on the beach with fresh water, seawater, Sting Aid (a commercial product), or Adolph's (papain) meat tenderiser. In another study, healthy volunteers (97 participants) were stung with an Indonesian sea nettle (Chrysaora chinensis from Malaysia) in a laboratory setting and treated with isopropyl alcohol, ammonia, heated water, acetic acid, or sodium bicarbonate. Two other eligible studies (Carybdea alata and Physalia stings) did not measure the outcomes of this review. The evidence for all outcomes was of very low certainty, thus we could not be certain whether or not topical applications provided at least a clinically significant reduction in pain (1 study, 62 participants with Carybdea alata stings, reported only as cessation of pain). For adverse events due to treatment, one study (Chrysaora chinensis stings) withdrew ammonia as a treatment following a first-degree burn in one participant. No studies evaluated clinically significant reduction in pain, retreatment with the same or the alternative treatment, or dermatological signs. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Few studies contributed data to this review, and those that did contribute varied in types of treatment, settings, and range of jellyfish species. We are unsure of the effectiveness of any of the treatments evaluated in this review given the very low certainty of all the evidence. This updated review includes two new studies (with 139 additional participants). The findings are consistent with the previous review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G McGee
- The University of Newcastle Central Coast Clinical School, Gosford Hospital, Gosford, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Gosford Hospital, Gosford, NSW, Australia
| | - Angela C Webster
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewis
- Bone and Joint Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michelle Welsford
- Division of Emergency Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Paolino G, Di Nicola MR, Avella I, Mercuri SR. Venomous Bites, Stings and Poisoning by European Vertebrates as an Overlooked and Emerging Medical Problem: Recognition, Clinical Aspects and Therapeutic Management. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1228. [PMID: 37374011 PMCID: PMC10305571 DOI: 10.3390/life13061228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Europe presents a high number of venomous and poisonous animals able to elicit medically relevant symptoms in humans. However, since most of the accidents involving venomous or poisonous animals in Europe are unreported, their incidence and morbidity are severely overlooked. Here we provide an overview of the European vertebrate species of greatest toxicological interest, the clinical manifestations their toxins can cause, and their treatment. We report the clinical symptoms induced by envenomations and poisoning caused by reptiles, fishes, amphibians and mammals in Europe, ranging from mild, local symptoms (e.g., erythema, edema) to systemic and potentially deadly. The present work constitutes a tool for physicians to recognize envenomation/poisoning symptoms caused by the most medically relevant European vertebrates and to decide which approach is the most appropriate to treat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Paolino
- Unit of Dermatology and Cosmetology, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (G.P.)
- Unit of Clinical Dermatology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Riccardo Di Nicola
- Unit of Dermatology and Cosmetology, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (G.P.)
- Asociación Herpetológica Española, Apartado de Correos 191, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| | - Ignazio Avella
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal;
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Santo Raffaele Mercuri
- Unit of Dermatology and Cosmetology, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (G.P.)
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Asirvatham RD, Hwang DH, Prakash RLM, Kang C, Kim E. Pharmacoinformatic Investigation of Silymarin as a Potential Inhibitor against Nemopilema nomurai Jellyfish Metalloproteinase Toxin-like Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108972. [PMID: 37240317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish stings pose a major threat to swimmers and fishermen worldwide. These creatures have explosive cells containing one large secretory organelle called a nematocyst in their tentacles, which contains venom used to immobilize prey. Nemopilema nomurai, a venomous jellyfish belonging to the phylum Cnidaria, produces venom (NnV) comprising various toxins known for their lethal effects on many organisms. Of these toxins, metalloproteinases (which belong to the toxic protease family) play a significant role in local symptoms such as dermatitis and anaphylaxis, as well as systemic reactions such as blood coagulation, disseminated intravascular coagulation, tissue injury, and hemorrhage. Hence, a potential metalloproteinase inhibitor (MPI) could be a promising candidate for reducing the effects of venom toxicity. For this study, we retrieved the Nemopilema nomurai venom metalloproteinase sequence (NnV-MPs) from transcriptome data and modeled its three-dimensional structure using AlphaFold2 in a Google Colab notebook. We employed a pharmacoinformatics approach to screen 39 flavonoids and identify the most potent inhibitor against NnV-MP. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of flavonoids against other animal venoms. Based on our analysis, Silymarin emerged as the top inhibitor through ADMET, docking, and molecular dynamics analyses. In silico simulations provide detailed information on the toxin and ligand binding affinity. Our results demonstrate that Silymarin's strong inhibitory effect on NnV-MP is driven by hydrophobic affinity and optimal hydrogen bonding. These findings suggest that Silymarin could serve as an effective inhibitor of NnV-MP, potentially reducing the toxicity associated with jellyfish envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Deva Asirvatham
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Hyeon Hwang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Changkeun Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Euikyung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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25
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Thaikruea L. Differences in clinical manifestations between cases stung by single-tentacle and multiple-tentacle box jellyfish over two decades. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16374. [PMID: 37251904 PMCID: PMC10208881 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no routine laboratory investigations to identify jellyfish species and toxins in Thailand. Distinguishing clinical manifestation is important for medical care and also recommendations for the population. This study aimed to describe the clinical manifestations of box jellyfish stinging cases and determine differences between cases stung by single- (SBJ) and multiple-tentacle box jellyfish (MBJ). This retrospective study was conducted in Thailand. Data regarding injuries and deaths eligible for inclusion were those pertinent to stinging by box jellyfish under the National Surveillance System of Injuries and Deaths Caused by Toxic Jellyfish. All cases detected by the Toxic Jellyfish Networks were investigated. There were 29 SBJ, 92 MBJ, and 3 SBJ/or MBJ cases in the period 1999 to 2021. In about half of the cases in each group had abnormal heart rates and about one-third had respiratory distress. The SBJ group had a high proportion of pain in the other parts of the body (38.2%), abdominal cramps (13.8%), fatigue (24.1%), anxiety/agitation (24.1%), and there was no death. The MBJ group had a high proportion of severe pain and severe burning pain at the site of the wounds (44.3%), swelling/edema at the affected organs/areas (46.8%), collapse/near-collapse (30.4%), worse outcomes (9.8%), and 9.8% deaths. In comparison to the MBJ group, the SBJ group were 13.4 times (95% Confidence Intervals of Relative Risk: 4.9, 36.6) and 6.1 times (1.2, 31.4) more likely to have pain in other parts of the body and abdominal cramps, subsequently. MBJ group was 1.8 times (1.4, 2.2) more likely to have pain at wounds than the SBJ group. Some initial symptoms might make health professionals misdiagnose SBJ as MBJ stinging. The Irukandji-like syndrome that appeared later among SBJ cases is the clue for correct diagnosis. These results are useful for the improvement of diagnosis, medical care, and surveillance.
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26
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Li R, Yu H, Li A, Yu C, Li P. Identification and characterization of the key lethal toxin from jellyfish Cyanea nozakii. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123176. [PMID: 36621741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Jellyfish Cyanea nozakii venom is a complex mixture of various toxins, most of which are proteinous biological macromolecules and are considered to be responsible for clinical symptoms or even death after a severe sting. Previous transcriptome and proteome analysis identified hundreds of toxins in the venom, including hemolysins, C-type lectin, phospholipase A2, potassium channel inhibitor, metalloprotease, etc. However, it is not clear which toxin in the venom plays the most important role in lethality. Herein, we isolated the key lethal toxin (Letoxcn) from jellyfish Cyanea nozakii using anion exchange chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography, and cation exchange chromatography. The molecular weight of Letoxcn is ∼50 kDa with the N-terminal sequences of QADAEKVNLPVGVCV. Peptide mass fingerprinting analysis of Letoxcn shows that it may have some motifs of phospholipase, metalloproteinase, thrombin-like enzyme, potassium channel toxin, etc. However, only metalloproteinase activity but no hemolytic, PLA2, or blood coagulation activity was observed from in vitro toxicity analysis. Overall, this study uncovered and characterized the key lethal toxin in the venom of jellyfish Cyanea nozakii, which will not only help to reveal the molecule mechanism of the lethality, but also develop effective treatment like antivenom for this jellyfish sting in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Huahua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Aoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunlin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
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27
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Weber L, Shalaby M. Bilateral Erector Spinae Plane Block for Man o' War Stings: A Case Report. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med 2023; 7:36-38. [PMID: 36859330 PMCID: PMC9983346 DOI: 10.5811/cpcem.2022.12.58093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Portuguese man o' war, an aquatic invertebrate, is responsible for a large proportion of cnidarian stings worldwide. Cnidaria is a phylum that contains the genus Physalia. These injuries result in severe pain and skin irritation, which are often difficult to control. Traditionally, cnidarian stings have been treated by emergency physicians with warm water, vinegar and, in severe cases, opioids. However, no concrete guidelines have been established for pain management in man o' war stings. CASE REPORT Regional anesthesia (RA) is an increasingly used method of pain control in the emergency department. In the case of a 41-year-old female experiencing severe pain from a Portuguese man o' war sting, RA with an erector spinae plane block (ESPB) provided her with rapid and long-lasting pain relief. CONCLUSION The standard of care has yet to be defined when managing pain from Physalia physalis stings. Although this is the first documented use of ESPB for treatment of cnidarian stings, RA should be considered by any emergency physician when treating injuries caused by a Portuguese man o' war.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Weber
- Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Miami Beach, Florida
| | - Michael Shalaby
- Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Miami Beach, Florida
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Ballesteros A, Marambio M, Trullas C, Jourdan E, Tena-Medialdea J, Gili JM. Effect of Rinse Solutions on Rhizostoma pulmo (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) Stings and the Ineffective Role of Vinegar in Scyphozoan Jellyfish Species. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2344. [PMID: 36767709 PMCID: PMC9915252 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rhizostoma pulmo is a widely distributed scyphozoan in the Mediterranean Sea. Their stings result mainly in erythema, small vesicles, or/and pain, and cause a high number of bathers to seek assistance from first-aid services during the summer season. Despite the threat that jellyfish stings represent to public health, there is disagreement in the scientific community on first-aid protocols, with the dispute largely centered around the effectiveness of vinegar. In the present research, we investigated the effect of commonly used rinse solutions on nematocyst discharge in R. pulmo and the effect of vinegar on three more scyphozoans (Aurelia sp., Cassiopea sp., and Rhizostoma luteum). Scented ammonia, vinegar, and acetic acid triggered nematocyst discharge in R. pulmo. Vinegar also caused nematocyst discharge in Aurelia sp., Cassiopea sp., and R. luteum. In contrast, seawater, baking soda, freshwater, urine, and hydrogen peroxide were considered neutral solutions that did not induce nematocyst discharge. These results indicate that the use of vinegar, acetic acid, or commercial products based on these compounds is counterproductive. Their use can worsen pain and discomfort caused not only by R. pulmo stings but also by those of any scyphozoan. The use of seawater is recommended for cleaning the R. pulmo sting site until an inhibitor solution that irreversibly prevents nematocyst discharge is discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Ballesteros
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, ICM-CSIC-Institute of Marine Sciences, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- ISDIN, Innovation and Development, C. Provençals 33, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Macarena Marambio
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, ICM-CSIC-Institute of Marine Sciences, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Trullas
- ISDIN, Innovation and Development, C. Provençals 33, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eric Jourdan
- ISDIN, Innovation and Development, C. Provençals 33, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Tena-Medialdea
- IMEDMAR-UCV-Institute of Environment and Marine Science Research, Universidad Católica de Valencia SVM, C. Explanada del Puerto S/n, 03710 Calp, Spain
| | - Josep-Maria Gili
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, ICM-CSIC-Institute of Marine Sciences, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Geng XY, Wang MK, Chen JH, Xiao L, Yang JS. Marine biological injuries and their medical management: A narrative review. World J Biol Chem 2023; 14:1-12. [PMID: 36741876 PMCID: PMC9896478 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v14.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine environment can be extremely dangerous, and the harm caused by marine organisms when they contact the human body can be especially harmful, even deadly. Contact includes stings, bites, wounds, and consumption as food. In this article, the characteristics of the common marine biological injuries are summarized, the major marine organisms causing damage in China’s marine waters are described, and injury prevention and treatment methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Geng
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Ming-Ke Wang
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Jin-Hong Chen
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ji-Shun Yang
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
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Elkafafi M, Hamed H, Ali Y, Elgohary M. Compartment syndrome following a jellyfish sting: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2023; 17:4. [PMID: 36604740 PMCID: PMC9817317 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-022-03714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the majority of reported cases of jellyfish envenomation are self-limited with few lasting complications, a few can cause life-threatening and debilitating illnesses. We present the case of a 15-year-old male who had an unusual presentation of a jellyfish sting that led to acute compartment syndrome. CASE PRESENTATION A 15-year-old Lebanese (Arab) boy was stung by a jellyfish, which led to acute compartment syndrome in the left arm. Decompression fasciotomy and local application of diluted nitroglycerin helped to relieve the ulnar and radial artery spasms. The patient was left with shoulder and elbow pain and elbow flexion weakness, which improved after physiotherapy over a period of 6 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Current therapy recommendations for acute compartment syndrome following jellyfish stings are mainly based on case reports. Urgent fasciotomy and local application of nitroglycerin have been demonstrated to be helpful in severe jellyfish stings associated with acute compartment syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elkafafi
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Paediatric Department, Burjeel Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hussein Hamed
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Paediatric Department, Burjeel Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yaser Ali
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Paediatric Department, Burjeel Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Elgohary
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Burjeel Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Lee SH, Tseng LC, Ho Yoon Y, Ramirez-Romero E, Hwang JS, Carlos Molinero J. The global spread of jellyfish hazards mirrors the pace of human imprint in the marine environment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107699. [PMID: 36529082 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The rising demand of ecosystem services, due to the increasing human population in coastal areas, and the subsequent need to secure healthy and sustainable seas constitute a major challenge for marine ecosystems management. In addition, global anthropogenic changes have transformed the marine realm, thereby challenging ecosystem health and the services necessary for human welfare. These changes have opened ecological space for opportunistic organisms, such as jellyfish, resulting in ecosystem-wide and economic implications that threaten marine ecosystem services. Here, we used a comprehensive dataset of jellyfish hazards over the period 1960-2019 to track their dynamics and implications for human welfare. Our results revealed that their large-scale patterns have been mainly enhanced in human-perturbed Large Marine Ecosystems, although the contribution of jellyfish Class to hazard type changed across ocean regions. The long-term variability of these events suggests that their temporal patterns mirror the pace of ocean warming and ocean health degradation nurtured by global anthropogenic changes in recent decades. These results warn of the wide socioecological risks of jellyfish hazards, and their implications advocate for transboundary, regional cooperation to develop effective ecosystem-based management actions. Failure to integrate jellyfish into ocean surveys will compromise coastal ecosystem services governance. Classification: Social Sciences/Sustainability Science, Biological Sciences/Ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hee Lee
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan; MARBEC, IRD/CNRS/IFREMER/Université de Montpellier, Sète CEDEX 34203, France.
| | - Li-Chun Tseng
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan
| | - Yang Ho Yoon
- Department of Marine Convergence Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Eduardo Ramirez-Romero
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, ICMAN,CSIC, Republica Saharaui, 4, Puerto Real, Cadiz, 11519, Spain
| | - Jiang-Shiou Hwang
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan.
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Hasenkamp E, McGahee J, Richter M, Lu M. Aquatic Board Sport Injuries: A Literature Review. Curr Sports Med Rep 2022; 21:371-375. [DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Badran S, Eldos Y, Hoffman RJ, Obaray S, Sivakumar B, Glass GE. Extremity Ischemia After Jellyfish Envenomation: A Case Report and Systematic Review of the Literature. J Emerg Med 2022; 63:507-519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Cunha SA, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Raising Awareness on the Clinical and Forensic Aspects of Jellyfish Stings: A Worldwide Increasing Threat. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:8430. [PMID: 35886286 PMCID: PMC9324653 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Jellyfish are ubiquitous animals registering a high and increasing number of contacts with humans in coastal areas. These encounters result in a multitude of symptoms, ranging from mild erythema to death. This work aims to review the state-of-the-art regarding pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and relevant clinical and forensic aspects of jellyfish stings. There are three major classes of jellyfish, causing various clinical scenarios. Most envenomations result in an erythematous lesion with morphological characteristics that may help identify the class of jellyfish responsible. In rare cases, the sting may result in delayed, persistent, or systemic symptoms. Lethal encounters have been described, but most of those cases happened in the Indo-Pacific region, where cubozoans, the deadliest jellyfish class, can be found. The diagnosis is mostly clinical but can be aided by dermoscopy, skin scrapings/sticky tape, confocal reflectance microscopy, immunological essays, among others. Treatment is currently based on preventing further envenomation, inactivating the venom, and alleviating local and systemic symptoms. However, the strategy used to achieve these effects remains under debate. Only one antivenom is currently used and covers merely one species (Chironex fleckeri). Other antivenoms have been produced experimentally but were not tested on human envenomation settings. The increased number of cases, especially due to climate changes, justifies further research in the study of clinical aspects of jellyfish envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Almeida Cunha
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; or
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; or
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- MTG Research and Development Lab, 4200-604 Porto, Portugal
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Li A, Yu H, Li R, Yue Y, Yu C, Geng H, Liu S, Xing R, Li P. Jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai causes myotoxicity through the metalloprotease component of venom. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113192. [PMID: 35644119 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish envenomation is a common medical problem in many countries. However, the myotoxicity and effector molecules of scyphozoan venoms remain uninvestigated. Here, we present the myotoxicity of nematocyst venom from Nemopilema nomurai (NnNV), a giant venomous scyphozoan from China, for the first time, using in vivo models with inhibitors. NnNV was able to induce remarkable myotoxicity including significant muscle swelling, increasing the content of CK and LDH in serum, stimulating inflammation of muscle tissue, and destroying the structure of muscle tissue. In addition, the metalloproteinase inhibitors BMT and EDTA significantly reduced the myotoxicity induced by NnNV. Moreover, BMT and EDTA could decrease the inflammatory stimulation and necrosis of muscle tissue caused by the venom. These observations suggest that the metalloproteinase components of NnNV make a considerable contribution to myotoxicity. This study contributes to understanding the effector molecules of muscle injury caused by jellyfish stings and suggests a new idea for the treatment of scyphozoan envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoyu Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Rongfeng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yang Yue
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chunlin Yu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Geng
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Song Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ronge Xing
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
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Bourg N, Schaeffer A, Cetina-Heredia P, Lawes JC, Lee D. Driving the blue fleet: Temporal variability and drivers behind bluebottle (Physalia physalis) beachings off Sydney, Australia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265593. [PMID: 35299230 PMCID: PMC8929625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Physalia physalis, the bluebottle in Australia, are colonial siphonophores that live at the surface of the ocean, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters. P. physalis are sometimes present in large swarms, and with tentacles capable of intense stings, they can negatively impact public health and commercial fisheries. P. physalis, which does not swim, is advected by ocean currents and winds acting on its gas-filled sail. While previous studies have attempted to model the drift of P. physalis, little is known about its sources, distribution, and the timing of its arrival to shore. In this study, we present a dataset with four years of daily P. physalis beachings and stings reports at three locations off Sydney’s coast in Australia. We investigate the spatial and temporal variability of P. physalis presence (beachings and stings) in relation to different environmental parameters. This dataset shows a clear seasonal pattern where more P. physalis beachings occur in the Austral summer and less in winter. Cold ocean temperatures do not hinder the presence of P. physalis and the temperature seasonal cycle and that observed in P. physalis presence/absence time-series are out of phase by 3-4 months. We identify wind direction as the major driver of the temporal variability of P. physalis arrival to the shore, both at daily and seasonal time-scales. The differences observed between sites of the occurrence of beaching events is consistent with the geomorphology of the coastline which influences the frequency and direction of favorable wind conditions. We also show that rip currents, a physical mechanism occurring at the scale of the beach, can be a predictor of beaching events. This study is a first step towards understanding the dynamics of P. physalis transport and ultimately being able to predict its arrival to the coast and mitigating the number of people who experience painful stings and require medical help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Bourg
- Coastal and Regional Oceanography Laboratory, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Amandine Schaeffer
- Coastal and Regional Oceanography Laboratory, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paulina Cetina-Heredia
- Coastal and Regional Oceanography Laboratory, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jasmin C. Lawes
- Surf Life Saving Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel Lee
- Coastal and Regional Oceanography Laboratory, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Yu C, Li R, Yin X, Yu H, Li P. Synergistic Effect of Proteinase Activity by Purification and Identification of Toxic Protease From Nemopilema nomurai. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:791847. [PMID: 34899353 PMCID: PMC8660593 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.791847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scyphozoan Nemopilema nomurai envenomation is an unresolved threat to human health in Asian waters. Nemopilema nomurai venom metalloproteinases show important toxicities in skin damage and inflammation, but there is still no purified protein for further studies. In this study, high proteinase activity fractions in tentacle autolysis were isolated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow, and Superdex 75 chromatography successively. Purification was guided by azocasein hydrolysis activity and SDS-PAGE. The final products were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Four elution peaks purified by Superdex 75 chromatography had multiple protein bands but did not show proteinase activity. These fractions would recover proteinase activity after mixing again. Regulation mechanisms were speculated as binding metalloproteinase regulator or disaggregating metalloproteinase inhibitor by LC-MS/MS analysis. For the first time, a synergistic effect in N. nomurai proteinase activity was found in the purification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Yu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Qingdao, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongfeng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiujing Yin
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Qingdao, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Li R, Yu H, Li A, Yu C, Li P. Refinement and Neutralization Evaluation of the F(ab') 2 Type of Antivenom against the Deadly Jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai Toxins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312672. [PMID: 34884477 PMCID: PMC8657884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish stings threaten people's health and even life in coastal areas worldwide. Nemopilema nomurai is one of the most dangerous jellyfish in the East Asian Marginal Seas, which not only stings hundreds of thousands of people every year but also is assumed to be responsible for most deaths by jellyfish stings in China. However, there is no effective first-aid drug, such as antivenoms, for the treatment of severe stings by N. nomurai to date. In this study, we prepared a N. nomurai antiserum from rabbits using inactivated N. nomurai toxins (NnTXs) and isolated the IgG type of antivenom (IgG-AntiNnTXs) from the antiserum. Subsequently, IgG-AntiNnTXs were refined with multiple optimizations to remove Fc fragments. Finally, the F(ab')2 type of antivenom (F(ab')2-AntiNnTXs) was purified using Superdex 200 and protein A columns. The neutralization efficacy of both types of antivenom was analyzed in vitro and in vivo, and the results showed that both IgG and F(ab')2 types of antivenom have some neutralization effect on the metalloproteinase activity of NnTXs in vitro and could also decrease the mortality of mice in the first 4 h after injection. This study provides some useful information for the development of an effective antivenom for N. nomurai stings in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Y.); (A.L.); (C.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (P.L.); Tel.: +86-532-8289-8512 (R.L.); +86-532-8289-8707 (P.L.)
| | - Huahua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Y.); (A.L.); (C.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Aoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Y.); (A.L.); (C.Y.)
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunlin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Y.); (A.L.); (C.Y.)
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Y.); (A.L.); (C.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (P.L.); Tel.: +86-532-8289-8512 (R.L.); +86-532-8289-8707 (P.L.)
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Tortell A, Baldacchino RV, Grech JA. The Boy With the Jellyfish Tattoo and Facial Swelling. Wilderness Environ Med 2021; 32:545-547. [PMID: 34556405 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tortell
- Malta Foundation School, Mater Dei Hospital, Triq Id-Donaturi Tad-Demm, Msida, Malta
| | - Reuben Vella Baldacchino
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Mater Dei Hospital, Triq Id-Donaturi Tad-Demm, Msida, Malta
| | - Jamie Alexander Grech
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Mater Dei Hospital, Triq Id-Donaturi Tad-Demm, Msida, Malta.
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Abstract
The Singapore Resuscitation and First Aid Council is updating the guidelines for first aid based on the latest evidence-based review from the International First Aid Taskforce Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations published in 2020. This is part of the regular updating of standards of care and training for first aid. This article presents some of the updated evidence-based approaches to first aid treatments in common emergencies such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, anaphylaxis, shock, unresponsiveness, seizure, heat disorders, ingested poisons, bleeding, head and spinal injury, bites and dental injuries. These updated treatments will be incorporated into the Standard and Child First Aid course syllabus in Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Zarisfi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jen Heng Pek
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Janice Hui Hong Oh
- Emergency Medical Services Department, Singapore Civil Defence Force, Singapore
| | - Jun Hao Loke
- Singapore Resuscitation and First Aid Council Unit for Pre-hospital Emergency Care, Singapore
| | - Swee Han Lim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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Ballesteros A, Marambio M, Fuentes V, Narda M, Santín A, Gili JM. Differing Effects of Vinegar on Pelagia noctiluca (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) and Carybdea marsupialis (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) Stings-Implications for First Aid Protocols. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:509. [PMID: 34437380 PMCID: PMC8402392 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The jellyfish species that inhabit the Mediterranean coastal waters are not lethal, but their stings can cause severe pain and systemic effects that pose a health risk to humans. Despite the frequent occurrence of jellyfish stings, currently no consensus exists among the scientific community regarding the most appropriate first-aid protocol. Over the years, several different rinse solutions have been proposed. Vinegar, or acetic acid, is one of the most established of these solutions, with efficacy data published. We investigated the effect of vinegar and seawater on the nematocyst discharge process in two species representative of the Mediterranean region: Pelagia noctiluca (Scyphozoa) and Carybdea marsupialis (Cubozoa), by means of (1) direct observation of nematocyst discharge on light microscopy (tentacle solution assay) and (2) quantification of hemolytic area (tentacle skin blood agarose assay). In both species, nematocyst discharge was not stimulated by seawater, which was classified as a neutral solution. In P. noctiluca, vinegar produced nematocyst discharge per se, but inhibited nematocyst discharge from C. marsupialis. These results suggest that the use of vinegar cannot be universally recommended. Whereas in case of a cubozoan C. marsupialis sting, the inhibitory effect of vinegar makes it the ideal rinse solution, in case of a scyphozoan P. noctiluca sting, vinegar application may be counterproductive, worsening the pain and discomfort of the stung area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Ballesteros
- ICM-CSIC-Institute of Marine Sciences, Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (V.F.); (A.S.); (J.-M.G.)
| | - Macarena Marambio
- ICM-CSIC-Institute of Marine Sciences, Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (V.F.); (A.S.); (J.-M.G.)
| | - Verónica Fuentes
- ICM-CSIC-Institute of Marine Sciences, Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (V.F.); (A.S.); (J.-M.G.)
| | - Mridvika Narda
- ISDIN, Innovation and Development, C. Provençals 33, 08019 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Andreu Santín
- ICM-CSIC-Institute of Marine Sciences, Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (V.F.); (A.S.); (J.-M.G.)
| | - Josep-Maria Gili
- ICM-CSIC-Institute of Marine Sciences, Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (V.F.); (A.S.); (J.-M.G.)
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Ryan RYM, Seymour J, Loukas A, Lopez JA, Ikonomopoulou MP, Miles JJ. Immunological Responses to Envenomation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661082. [PMID: 34040609 PMCID: PMC8141633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Venoms are complex mixtures of toxic compounds delivered by bite or sting. In humans, the consequences of envenomation range from self-limiting to lethal. Critical host defence against envenomation comprises innate and adaptive immune strategies targeted towards venom detection, neutralisation, detoxification, and symptom resolution. In some instances, venoms mediate immune dysregulation that contributes to symptom severity. This review details the involvement of immune cell subtypes and mediators, particularly of the dermis, in host resistance and venom-induced immunopathology. We further discuss established venom-associated immunopathology, including allergy and systemic inflammation, and investigate Irukandji syndrome as a potential systemic inflammatory response. Finally, this review characterises venom-derived compounds as a source of immune modulating drugs for treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Y. M. Ryan
- Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Jamie Seymour
- Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - J. Alejandro Lopez
- School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Maria P. Ikonomopoulou
- Translational Venomics Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) in Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John J. Miles
- Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
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43
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Bickley RJ, Belyea CM, Harpstrite JK, Min KS. Surfing Injuries: A Review for the Orthopaedic Surgeon. JBJS Rev 2021; 9:01874474-202104000-00005. [PMID: 33819199 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.20.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
» Surfing is safe: the risk of injury ranges from 0.26 to 0.90 injuries per surfer per year, 0.06 to 3.5 injuries per 1,000 days of surfing, and 1.1 to 13.0 injuries per 1,000 hours of surfing. » The most common acute surfing injuries are lacerations, contusions, and sprains; the head and the neck as well as the lower extremities are the locations that are affected most. » The most common mechanism of injury is striking a surfer's own board or that of another surfer. » A pathology that is unique to surfers is surfer's myelopathy; bites and/or stings by sea life and infections caused by marine life also occur in surfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Bickley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Christopher M Belyea
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J Kimo Harpstrite
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Hawai'i John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Kyong S Min
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Riyas A, Kumar A, Chandran M, Jaleel A, Biju Kumar A. The venom proteome of three common scyphozoan jellyfishes (Chrysaora caliparea, Cyanea nozakii and Lychnorhiza malayensis) (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) from the coastal waters of India. Toxicon 2021; 195:93-103. [PMID: 33741399 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The jellyfish venom stored in nematocysts contains highly toxic compounds comprising of polypeptides, enzymes and other proteins, which form their chemical defence armoury against predators. We have characterized the proteome of crude venom extract from three bloom-forming scyphozoan jellyfish along the south-west coast of India, Chrysaora caliparea, Cyanea nozakii and Lychnorhiza malayensis using a Quadrupole-Time of Flight (Q/TOF) mass spectrometry analysis. The most abundant toxin identified from Chrysaora caliparea and Lychnorhiza malayensis is similar to the pore-forming toxins and metalloproteinases. A protective antioxidant enzyme called peroxiredoxin was found abundantly in Cyanea nozakii. Metalloproteinase identified from the C. caliparea shows similarity with the venom of pit viper (Bothrops pauloensis), while that of L. malayensis was similar to the venom of snakes such as the Bothrops insularis and Bothrops asper. Kininogen-1 is a secreted protein, identified for the first time from the jellyfish L. malayensis. The proteome analysis of Cyanea nozakii, Chrysaora caliparea and Lychnorhiza malayensis contained 20, 12, 8 unique proteins, respectively. Our study characterized the proteome map of crude venom extract from L. malayensis and C. caliparea for the first time, and the venom profile is compared with published information elsewhere. Proteomic data from this study has been made available in the public domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Riyas
- Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, Kerala, India
| | - Aneesh Kumar
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core Facility, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Mahesh Chandran
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core Facility, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Abdul Jaleel
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core Facility, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Appukuttannair Biju Kumar
- Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, Kerala, India.
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45
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Yu C, Yue Y, Yin X, Li R, Yu H, Li P. Identifying and revealing the geographical variation in Nemopilema nomurai venom metalloprotease and phospholipase A 2 activities. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:129164. [PMID: 33310516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Venom geographical variation is common among venomous animals. This phenomenon presents problems in the development of clinical treatments and medicines against envenomation. The venomous giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai, Scyphozoan, is a blooming jellyfish species in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea that causes numerous jellyfish sting cases every year. Metalloprotease and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) are the main components in Nemopilema nomurai venom and may activate many toxicities, such as hemolysis, inflammation and lethality. Geographical variation in the content and activity of these enzymes may cause different symptoms and therapeutic problems. For the first time, we verified metalloprotease and PLA2 geographical variation in Nemopilema nomurai venom by performing a comparative analysis of 31 venom samples by SDS-PAGE, analyzing protease zymography, enzymatic activity, and drawing contour maps. Band locations and intensities of SDS-PAGE and protease zymograms showed geographical differences. The enzymatic activities of both metalloprotease and PLA2 showed a trend of geographic regularity. The distribution patterns of these activities are directly shown in contour maps. Metalloproteinase activity was lower near the coast. PLA2-like activity was lower in the Southern Yellow Sea. We surmised that metalloproteinase and PLA2-like activities might be related to venom ontogeny and species abundance respectively, and influenced by similar environmental factors. This study provides a theoretical basis for further ecological and medical studies of Nemopilema nomurai jellyfish venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Yue
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiujing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rongfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
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46
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Li R, Yu H, Li A, Yu C, Li P. Preparation and Neutralization Efficacy of Novel Jellyfish Antivenoms against Cyanea nozakii Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020165. [PMID: 33670073 PMCID: PMC7926751 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish stings are a common issue globally, particularly in coastal areas in the summer. Victims can suffer pain, itching, swelling, shock, and even death. Usually, hot water, vinegar, or alumen is used to treat the normal symptoms of a jellyfish sting. However, a specific antivenom may be an effective treatment to deal with severe jellyfish stings. Cyanea nozakii often reach a diameter of 60 cm and are responsible for hundreds of thousands of stings per year in coastal Chinese waters. However, there has been no specific C. nozakii antivenom until now, and so the development of this antivenom is very important. Herein, we collected C. nozakii antisera from tentacle extract venom immunized rabbits and purified the immunoglobulin (IgG) fraction antivenom (AntiCnTXs). Subsequently, two complete procedures to produce a refined F(ab')2 type of antivenom (F(ab')2-AntiCnTXs) and Fab type of antivenom (Fab-AntiCnTXs) by multiple optimizations and purification were established. The neutralization efficacy of these three types of antivenoms was compared and analyzed in vitro and in vivo, and the results showed that all types of antibodies displayed some neutralization effect on the lethality of C. nozakii venom toxins, with the neutralization efficacy as follows: F(ab')2-AntiCnTXs ≥ AntiCnTXs > Fab-AntiCnTXs. This study describes the preparation of novel C. nozakii jellyfish antivenom preparations towards the goal of developing a new, effective treatment for jellyfish stings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Y.); (A.L.); (C.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (P.L.); Tel.: +86-532-8289-8512 (R.L.); +86-532-8289-8707 (P.L.)
| | - Huahua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Y.); (A.L.); (C.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Aoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Y.); (A.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chunlin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Y.); (A.L.); (C.Y.)
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Y.); (A.L.); (C.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (P.L.); Tel.: +86-532-8289-8512 (R.L.); +86-532-8289-8707 (P.L.)
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Hwang DH, Lee H, Choudhary I, Kang C, Chae J, Kim E. Protective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on toxic metalloproteinases-mediated skin damage induced by Scyphozoan jellyfish envenomation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18644. [PMID: 33122740 PMCID: PMC7596074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish stingings are currently raising serious public health concerns around the world. Hence, the search for an effective first aid reagent for the envenomation has been the goal of many investigators in the field. There have been a few previous reports of in vivo as well as in vivo studies suggesting the metalloproteinase activity of scyphozoan jellyfish venom, such as N. nomurai venom (NnV), plays a major role in the pathogenesis. These results have inspired us to develop a metalloproteinase inhibitor as a candidate for the treatment of Scyphozoan jellyfish envenomation. It has been previously demonstrated that the major polyphenol component in green tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), can inhibit metalloproteinase activity of snake venoms. In fact, plant polyphenols as potential therapeutics have been shown to exert positive effects on neutralizing snake venoms and toxins. In the present study, we found that EGCG significantly inhibits the toxic proteases of NnV in a concentration-dependent manner. Human keratinocyte (HaCaT) and Human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cell culture studies showed that EGCG treatment can protect the cells from NnV-induced cytotoxicity which has been accompanied by the down-regulation of human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9. Simulated rat NnV envenomation study disclosed that topical treatments with EGCG considerably ameliorated the progression of the dermonecrotic lesions caused by NnV. EGCG also reduced the activitions of tissue MMP-2 and MMP-9, which seem to be crucial players in the dermal toxic responses induced by NnV. Therefore, we propose that EGCG might be an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of cutaneoous jellyfish symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Hyeon Hwang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea.,Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Hyunkyoung Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Indu Choudhary
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Changkeun Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea.,Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Jinho Chae
- Marine Environmental Research and Information Laboratory, B1101, 17 Gosan-ro 148beon-gil, Gunpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15850, Korea.
| | - Euikyung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea. .,Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea.
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Zheng XY, Cheng DJ, Lian LH, Zhang RT, Yu XY. Severe fundus lesions induced by ocular jellyfish stings: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:4544-4549. [PMID: 33083416 PMCID: PMC7559664 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i19.4544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, although the jellyfish population has increased in recent years, ocular jellyfish stings remain an uncommon ophthalmic emergency, and have been rarely reported. According to a few previous reports, ocular jellyfish stings may cause anterior segment disorders, and most of these injuries were self-limited and spontaneously resolved within 24 to 48 h.
CASE SUMMARY A brother and sister both presented with severe fundus complications several years after ocular jellyfish stings and both had prolonged blurred vision. To our knowledge, such fundus lesions induced by jellyfish stings have not been reported previously.
CONCLUSION The fundus status of patients following ocular jellyfish stings should be carefully monitored in cases of irreversible ocular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yue Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - De-Jin Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Hua Lian
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ru-Ting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, China
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49
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Cavalcante MMES, Rodrigues ZMR, Hauser-Davis RA, Siciliano S, Haddad Júnior V, Nunes JLS. Health-risk assessment of Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia physalis) envenomations on urban beaches in São Luís city, in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20200216. [PMID: 32997052 PMCID: PMC7523519 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0216-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia physalis) is a
cosmopolitan species, with a widespread distribution and responsible for a
great number of injuries caused by cnidarians worldwide, including Brazil.
Geoprocessing technology, however, has never been used to assess the spatial
distribution of these animals on beaches. The aim of this study was to carry
out a health risk assessment of Portuguese man-of-war (P.
physalis) envenomations on the São Marcos and Calhau beaches in
São Luís city, in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS: This is a descriptive and quantitative study concerning primary data on the
occurrence of the Portuguese man-of-war (P. physalis) and
human envenomations in the studied places, conducted over a two-year period
in São Luís, Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. RESULTS: Envenomations mainly occurred on beaches presenting high density of
P. physalis during the dry period. Vinegar has been
incorporated as a first aid, according to recommendations set by the
Brazilian Ministry of Health. CONCLUSIONS: In order to improve prevention and control actions of human envenomation,
risk areas for this type of envenomation should be clearly indicated as
alert areas. Inclusion of the geographical location of the envenomation in
the Notification/Investigation SINAN Form was suggested for allowing the
continuity of studies involving this public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Salvatore Siciliano
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Laboratório de Biodiversidade, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Vidal Haddad Júnior
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Departamento de Dermatologia e Radioterapia, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Jorge Luiz Silva Nunes
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Departamento de Oceanografia e Limnologia, São Luís, MA, Brasil
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50
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Chiang LC, Tsai WJ, Liu PY, Ho CH, Su HY, Lai CS, Lai KL, Lin WL, Lee CH, Yang YY, Doan UV, Maharani T, Mao YC. Envenomation by Trimeresurus stejnegeri stejnegeri: clinical manifestations, treatment and associated factors for wound necrosis. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20200043. [PMID: 32983233 PMCID: PMC7500479 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trimeresurus stejnegeri stejnegeri bite induces tissue swelling, pain, thrombocytopenia, rhabdomyolysis, and acute renal failure. However, the incidence of coagulopathy, factors associated with wound necrosis, and the appropriate management of this condition have not been well characterized yet. Materials This study included patients bitten by T. s. stejnegeri that were admitted to the study hospitals from 2001 to 2016. Patient characteristics, laboratory data, and management approaches were compared in victims with and without wound necrosis. Results A total of 185 patients were evaluated: three patients (1.6%) were asymptomatic; whereas tissue swelling and pain, local ecchymosis, wound necrosis, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, rhabdomyolysis, and renal impairment were present in 182, 53, 13, 15, 10, 1, and 3 patients, respectively. One patient died from coagulopathy and hemorrhagic shock. Antivenom was administered to all envenomed patients at a median time of 1.8 h after the bite. The median total dose of antivenom was five vials. Chi-square analysis showed that bitten fingers, using cold packs during first aid, presence of bullae or blisters, lymphangitis or lymphadenitis, local numbness and suspected infection to be significantly associated with wound necrosis. After adjustment using a multivariate logistic regression model, only cold packs as first aid, bulla or blister formation, and wound infection remained significant. Conclusions The main effects of T. s. stejnegeri envenomation are tissue swelling, pain, and local ecchymosis. We do not recommend the use of cold packs during first aid to reduce wound pain, as this may be a risk factor for wound necrosis. In addition, patients with bulla or blister formation should be carefully examined for subsequent wound necrosis. Antiplatelet use may worsen systemic bleeding. No severe rhabdomyolysis or renal failure was observed in this large case series, we therefore considered that they were not prominent effects of T. s. stejnegeri bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liao-Chun Chiang
- National Tsing Hua University, College of Life Sciences, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Clinical Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Tsai
- Division of Clinical Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Liu
- Division of Infection, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsuan Ho
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yuan Su
- Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,The School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Lai
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Lung Lai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Loung Lin
- Taichung Wildlife Conservation Group, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsin Lee
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Core Laboratory of Antibody Generation and Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yuan Yang
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Core Laboratory of Antibody Generation and Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Uyen Vy Doan
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tri Maharani
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Daha Husada Hospital, Kediri, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Yan-Chiao Mao
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Clinical Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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