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Zhang A, Xiao Y, Han Y, Huang Y, Kan B, Liang W. Characterization of quorum regulatory small RNAs in an emerging pathogen Vibrio fluvialis and their roles toward type VI secretion system VflT6SS2 modulation. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2396872. [PMID: 39193622 PMCID: PMC11443567 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2396872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is essential for Gram-negative bacteria to antagonize a wide variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic competitors and thus gain survival advantages. Two sets of T6SS have been found in Vibrio fluvialis, namely VflT6SS1 and VflT6SS2, among which VflT6SS2 is functionally expressed. The CqsA/LuxS-HapR quorum sensing (QS) system with CAI-1 and AI-2 as signal molecules can regulate VflT6SS2 by regulators LuxO and HapR, with LuxO repressing while HapR activating VflT6SS2. Quorum regulatory small RNAs (Qrr sRNAs) are Hfq-dependent trans-encoded sRNAs that control Vibrio quorum sensing. In V. fluvialis, Qrr sRNAs have not been characterized and their regulatory function is unknown. In this study, we first identified four Qrr sRNAs in V. fluvialis and demonstrated that these Qrr sRNAs are regulated by LuxO and involved in the modulation of VflT6SS2 function. On the one hand, Qrr sRNAs act on HapR, the activator of both the major and the auxiliary clusters of VflT6SS2, and then indirectly repress VflT6SS2. On the other hand, they directly repress VflT6SS2 by acting on tssB2 and tssD2_a, the first gene of the major cluster and the highly transcriptional one among the two units of the first auxiliary cluster, respectively. Our results give insights into the role of Qrr sRNAs in CAI-1/AI-2 based QS and VflT6SS2 modulation in V. fluvialis and further enhance understandings of the network between QS and T6SS regulation in Vibrio species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Han
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanming Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Biao Kan
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weili Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Cheng Q, Han Y, Xiao Y, Li Z, Qin A, Ji S, Kan B, Liang W. The ArgR-Regulated ADI Pathway Facilitates the Survival of Vibrio fluvialis under Acidic Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5679. [PMID: 38891866 PMCID: PMC11172107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Vibrio fluvialis is an emerging foodborne pathogenic bacterium that can cause severe cholera-like diarrhea and various extraintestinal infections, posing challenges to public health and food safety worldwide. The arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway plays an important role in bacterial environmental adaptation and pathogenicity. However, the biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of the pathway in V. fluvialis remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that L-arginine upregulates the expression of the ADI gene cluster and promotes the growth of V. fluvialis. The ADI gene cluster, which we proved to be comprised of two operons, arcD and arcACB, significantly enhances the survival of V. fluvialis in acidic environments both in vitro (in culture medium and in macrophage) and in vivo (in mice). The mRNA level and reporter gene fusion analyses revealed that ArgR, a transcriptional factor, is necessary for the activation of both arcD and arcACB transcriptions. Bioinformatic analysis predicted the existence of multiple potential ArgR binding sites at the arcD and arcACB promoter regions that were further confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, DNase I footprinting, or point mutation analyses. Together, our study provides insights into the important role of the ArgR-ADI pathway in the survival of V. fluvialis under acidic conditions and the detailed molecular mechanism. These findings will deepen our understanding of how environmental changes and gene expression interact to facilitate bacterial adaptations and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Biao Kan
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Weili Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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Williams M, Shamsi S, Williams T, Hernandez-Jover M. Bacteria of Zoonotic Interest Identified on Edible Freshwater Fish Imported to Australia. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061288. [PMID: 36981215 PMCID: PMC10048124 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that freshwater edible fish imported into Australia are not compliant with Australian importation guidelines and as a result may be high risk for bacterial contamination. In the present study, the outer surface of imported freshwater fish were swabbed, cultured, confirmatory tests performed and antimicrobial patterns investigated. Channidae fish (Sp. A/n = 66) were contaminated with zoonotic Salmonella sp./Staphylococcus aureus (n = 1/66) and other bacteria implicated in cases of opportunistic human infection, these being Pseudomonas sp. (including P. mendocina and P. pseudoalcaligenes (n = 34/66)); Micrococcus sp. (n = 32/66); Comamonas testosteroni (n = 27/66) and Rhizobium radiobacter (n = 3/66). Pangasiidae fish (Species B/n = 47) were contaminated with zoonotic Vibrio fluvialis (n = 10/47); Salmonella sp. (n = 6/47) and environmental bacteria Micrococcus sp. (n = 3/47). One sample was resistant to all antimicrobials tested and is considered to be Methicillin Resistant S. aureus. Mud, natural diet, or vegetation identified in Sp. A fish/or packaging were significantly associated with the presence of Pseudomonas spp. The study also showed that visibly clean fish (Sp. B) may harbour zoonotic bacteria and that certain types of bacteria are common to fish groups, preparations, and contaminants. Further investigations are required to support the development of appropriate food safety recommendations in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Williams
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences & Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- Correspondence: or
| | - Shokoofeh Shamsi
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences & Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Thomas Williams
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia
| | - Marta Hernandez-Jover
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences & Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
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Geng XY, Wang MK, Chen JH, Xiao L, Yang JS. Marine biological injuries and their medical management: A narrative review. World J Biol Chem 2023; 14:1-12. [PMID: 36741876 PMCID: PMC9896478 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v14.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine environment can be extremely dangerous, and the harm caused by marine organisms when they contact the human body can be especially harmful, even deadly. Contact includes stings, bites, wounds, and consumption as food. In this article, the characteristics of the common marine biological injuries are summarized, the major marine organisms causing damage in China’s marine waters are described, and injury prevention and treatment methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Geng
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Ming-Ke Wang
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Jin-Hong Chen
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ji-Shun Yang
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
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Hossain M, Ibne Momen AM, Rahman A, Biswas J, Yasmin M, Nessa J, Ahsan CR. Draft-genome analysis provides insights into the virulence properties and genome plasticity of Vibrio fluvialis organisms isolated from shrimp farms and Turag river in Bangladesh. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:527. [PMID: 35895240 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03128-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio fluvialis is an opportunistic waterborne and seafood-borne enteric pathogen capable of causing severe diarrhea leading to death. This pathogen is endemic to Bangladesh, a country which is a major producer of cultured shrimp and wild-caught prawns. In this study, we carried out whole-genome sequencing of three V. fluvialis organisms isolated from shrimp farm and river sediment showing strong pathogenic characteristics in vivo and in vitro and compared their genomes against other V. fluvialis and related pathogenic species to glean insights into their potential as pathogens. Numerous virulence-associated genes including hemolysins, cytolysins, three separate Type IV pili, Types II and VI secretion systems, biofilm, and the V. cholerae pathogenesis regulating gene, toxR, were identified. Moreover, we found strain S-10 to have the propensity to acquire antibiotic resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer. These findings indicate that shrimp farms and rivers could be potential sources of V. fluvialis organisms which are an infection threat of public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maqsud Hossain
- NSU Genome Research Institute (NGRI), North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdul Mueed Ibne Momen
- NSU Genome Research Institute (NGRI), North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Aura Rahman
- NSU Genome Research Institute (NGRI), North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Juthi Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmuda Yasmin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jamalun Nessa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Zheng H, Huang Y, Liu P, Yan L, Zhou Y, Yang C, Wu Y, Qin J, Guo Y, Pei X, Guo Y, Cui Y, Liang W. Population genomics of the food-borne pathogen Vibrio fluvialis reveals lineage associated pathogenicity-related genetic elements. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 35212619 PMCID: PMC8942032 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio fluvialis is a food-borne pathogen with epidemic potential that causes cholera-like acute gastroenteritis and sometimes extraintestinal infections in humans. However, research on its genetic diversity and pathogenicity-related genetic elements based on whole genome sequences is lacking. In this study, we collected and sequenced 130 strains of V. fluvialis from 14 provinces of China, and also determined the susceptibility of 35 of the strains to 30 different antibiotics. Combined with 52 publicly available V. fluvialis genomes, we inferred the population structure and investigated the characteristics of pathogenicity-related factors. The V. fluvialis strains exhibited high levels of homologous recombination and were assigned to two major populations, VflPop1 and VflPop2, according to the different compositions of their gene pools. VflPop2 was subdivided into groups 2.1 and 2.2. Except for VflPop2.2, which consisted only of Asian strains, the strains in VflPop1 and VflPop2.1 were distributed in the Americas, Asia and Europe. Analysis of the pathogenicity potential of V. fluvialis showed that most of the identified virulence-related genes or gene clusters showed high prevalence in V. fluvialis, except for three mobile genetic elements: pBD146, ICEVflInd1 and MGIVflInd1, which were scattered in only a few strains. A total of 21 antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in the genomes of the 182 strains analysed in this study, and 19 (90%) of them were exclusively present in VflPop2. Notably, the tetracycline resistance-related gene tet(35) was present in 150 (95%) of the strains in VflPop2, and in only one (4%) strain in VflPop1, indicating it was population-specific. In total, 91% of the 35 selected strains showed resistance to cefazolin, indicating V. fluvialis has a high resistance rate to cefazolin. Among the 15 genomes that carried the previously reported drug resistance-related plasmid pBD146, 11 (73%) showed resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, which we inferred was related to the presence of the dfr6 gene in the plasmid. On the basis of the population genomics analysis, the genetic diversity, population structure and distribution of pathogenicity-related factors of V. fluvialis were delineated in this study. The results will provide further clues regarding the evolution and pathogenic mechanisms of V. fluvialis, and improve our knowledge for the prevention and control of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yuanming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Lin Yan
- National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, PR China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yarong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Jingliang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Pei
- National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, PR China
| | - Yunchang Guo
- National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, PR China
| | - Yujun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Weili Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
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7
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8
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Huang Y, Du P, Zhao M, Liu W, Du Y, Diao B, Li J, Kan B, Liang W. Functional Characterization and Conditional Regulation of the Type VI Secretion System in Vibrio fluvialis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:528. [PMID: 28424671 PMCID: PMC5371669 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio fluvialis is an emerging foodborne pathogen of increasing public health concern. The mechanism(s) that contribute to the bacterial survival and disease are still poorly understood. In other bacterial species, type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are known to contribute to bacterial pathogenicity by exerting toxic effects on host cells or competing bacterial species. In this study, we characterized the genetic organization and prevalence of two T6SS gene clusters (VflT6SS1 and VflT6SS2) in V. fluvialis. VflT6SS2 harbors three “orphan” hcp-vgrG modules and was more prevalent than VflT6SS1 in our isolates. We showed that VflT6SS2 is functionally active under low (25°C) and warm (30°C) temperatures by detecting the secretion of a T6SS substrate, Hcp. This finding suggests that VflT6SS2 may play an important role in the survival of the bacterium in the aquatic environment. The secretion of Hcp is growth phase-dependent and occurs in a narrow range of the growth phase (OD600 from 1.0 to 2.0). Osmolarity also regulates the function of VflT6SS2, as evidenced by our finding that increasing salinity (from 170 to 855 mM of NaCl) and exposure to high osmolarity KCl, sucrose, trehalose, or mannitol (equivalent to 340 mM of NaCl) induced significant secretion of Hcp under growth at 30°C. Furthermore, we found that although VflT6SS2 was inactive at a higher temperature (37°C), it became activated at this temperature if higher salinity conditions were present (from 513 to 855 mM of NaCl), indicating that it may be able to function under certain conditions in the infected host. Finally, we showed that the functional expression of VflT6SS2 is associated with anti-bacterial activity. This activity is Hcp-dependent and requires vasH, a transcriptional regulator of T6SS. In sum, our study demonstrates that VflT6SS2 provides V. fluvialis with an enhanced competitive fitness in the marine environment, and its activity is regulated by environmental signals, such as temperature and osmolarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesHangzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China
| | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China
| | - Baowei Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesHangzhou, China
| | - Weili Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesHangzhou, China
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9
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Nongogo V, Okoh AI. Occurrence of Vibrio pathotypes in the final effluents of five wastewater treatment plants in Amathole and Chris Hani District Municipalities in South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:7755-66. [PMID: 25093653 PMCID: PMC4143831 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110807755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the occurrence of Vibrio pathogens in the final effluents of five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in Amathole and Chris Hani District Municipalities in South Africa over a 12 months period between September 2012 and August 2013 using standard membrane filtration technique followed by cultivation on thiosulphate citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) agar. The identities of the presumptive Vibrio isolates were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) including delineation into V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus and V. fluvialis pathotypes. The counts of Vibrio spp. varied with months in all the study sites and ranged in the order of 101 and 104 CFU/100mL. Vibrio distribution also showed seasonality with high counts being obtained in autumn and spring (p < 0.05). Prevalence of Vibrio spp. among the five WWTPs also differed significantly (p < 0.05). Of the 300 isolates that were confirmed as belonging to the Vibrio genus, 29% (86) were V. fluvialis, 28% (84) were V. vulnificus and 12% (35) were V. parahaemolyticus. The isolation of Vibrio pathogens from the final effluent suggests that this pathogen is in circulation in some pockets of the population and that the WWTPs under study do not efficiently remove bacterial pathogens from the wastewater and consequently are threats to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuyokazi Nongogo
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
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11
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Identification of genetic bases of vibrio fluvialis species-specific biochemical pathways and potential virulence factors by comparative genomic analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:2029-37. [PMID: 24441165 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03588-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio fluvialis is an important food-borne pathogen that causes diarrheal illness and sometimes extraintestinal infections in humans. In this study, we sequenced the genome of a clinical V. fluvialis strain and determined its phylogenetic relationships with other Vibrio species by comparative genomic analysis. We found that the closest relationship was between V. fluvialis and V. furnissii, followed by those with V. cholerae and V. mimicus. Moreover, based on genome comparisons and gene complementation experiments, we revealed genetic mechanisms of the biochemical tests that differentiate V. fluvialis from closely related species. Importantly, we identified a variety of genes encoding potential virulence factors, including multiple hemolysins, transcriptional regulators, and environmental survival and adaptation apparatuses, and the type VI secretion system, which is indicative of complex regulatory pathways modulating pathogenesis in this organism. The availability of V. fluvialis genome sequences may promote our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms for this emerging pathogen.
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Khatri I, Mahajan S, Dureja C, Subramanian S, Raychaudhuri S. Evidence of a new metabolic capacity in an emerging diarrheal pathogen: lessons from the draft genomes of Vibrio fluvialis strains PG41 and I21563. Gut Pathog 2013; 5:20. [PMID: 23895343 PMCID: PMC3729366 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-5-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vibrio fluvialis is an emerging diarrheal pathogen for which no genome is currently available. In this work, draft genomes of two closely related clinical strains PG41 and I21563 have been explored. RESULTS V. fluvialis strains PG41 and I21563 were sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 1000 platform to obtain draft genomes of 5.3 Mbp and 4.4 Mbp respectively. Our genome data reveal the presence of genes involved in ethanolamine utilization, which is further experimentally confirmed by growth analysis. CONCLUSIONS Combined in silico and growth analysis establish a new metabolic capacity of V. fluvialis to harvest energy from ethanolamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Khatri
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sakshi Mahajan
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Chetna Dureja
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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13
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Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a process by which individual bacteria are able to communicate with one another, thereby enabling the population as a whole to coordinate gene regulation and subsequent phenotypic outcomes. Communication is accomplished through production and detection of small molecules in the extracellular milieu. In many bacteria, particularly Vibrio species, multiple QS systems result in multiple signals, as well as cross talk between systems. In this study, we identify two QS systems in the halophilic enteric pathogen Vibrio fluvialis: one acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) based and one CAI-1/AI-2 based. We show that a LuxI homolog, VfqI, primarily produces 3-oxo-C10-HSL, which is sensed by a LuxR homolog, VfqR. VfqR-AHL is required to activate vfqI expression and autorepress vfqR expression. In addition, we have shown that similar to that in V. cholerae and V. harveyi, V. fluvialis produces CAI-1 and AI-2 signal molecules to activate the expression of a V. cholerae HapR homolog through LuxO. Although VfqR-AHL does not regulate hapR expression, HapR can repress vfqR transcription. Furthermore, we found that QS in V. fluvialis positively regulates production of two potential virulence factors, an extracellular protease and hemolysin. QS also affects cytotoxic activity against epithelial tissue cultures. These data suggest that V. fluvialis integrates QS regulatory pathways to play important physiological roles in pathogenesis.
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14
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Vinothkumar K, Bhardwaj AK, Ramamurthy T, Niyogi SK. Triplex PCR assay for the rapid identification of 3 major Vibrio species, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio fluvialis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 76:526-8. [PMID: 23706502 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A triplex PCR assay was developed for the identification of 3 major Vibrio spp., Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio fluvialis by targeting their haemolysin, haem-utilizing, and central regulatory genes, respectively. This simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific assay using cell lysates from 227 samples established its usefulness in research and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittappa Vinothkumar
- Department of Human Health and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 007, India
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Chowdhury G, Pazhani GP, Dutta D, Guin S, Dutta S, Ghosh S, Izumiya H, Asakura M, Yamasaki S, Takeda Y, Arakawa E, Watanabe H, Mukhopadhyay AK, Bhattacharya MK, Rajendran K, Nair GB, Ramamurthy T. Vibrio fluvialis in patients with diarrhea, Kolkata, India. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:1868-71. [PMID: 23092520 PMCID: PMC3559161 DOI: 10.3201/eid1811.120520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified 131 strains of Vibrio fluvialis among 400 nonagglutinating Vibrio spp. isolated from patients with diarrhea in Kolkata, India. For 43 patients, V. fluvialis was the sole pathogen identified. Most strains harbored genes encoding hemolysin and metalloprotease; this finding may contribute to understanding of the pathogenicity of V. fluvialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Chowdhury
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
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16
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Liang P, Cui X, Du X, Kan B, Liang W. The virulence phenotypes and molecular epidemiological characteristics of Vibrio fluvialis in China. Gut Pathog 2013; 5:6. [PMID: 23522652 PMCID: PMC3636005 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-5-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vibrio fluvialis is considered to be an emerging foodborne pathogen and has been becoming a high human public health hazard all over the world, especially in coastal areas of developing countries and regions with poor sanitation. The distribution of virulence factors, microbiological and molecular epidemiological features of V. fluvialis isolates in China remains to be examined. Methods and results PCR targeted at the virulence determinants and phenotype tests including metabolism, virulence and antibiotic susceptibility were performed. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis was used to access the relatedness of isolates. A strain with deletion of the arginine dihydrolase system was first reported and proved in molecular level by PCR. Virulence genes vfh, hupO and vfpA were detected in all strains, the ability to produce hemolysin, cytotxin, protease and biofilm formation varied with strains. High resistance rate to β-lactams, azithromycin and sulfamethoxazole were observed. Twenty-seven percent of test strains showed resistant to two and three antibiotics. PFGE analysis demonstrated great genetic heterogeneity of test V. fluvialis strains. Conclusion This study evaluated firstly the biological characteristics and molecular epidemiological features of V. fluvialis in China. Some uncommon biochemical characteristics were found. Virulence genes were widely distributed in the isolates from patient and seafood sources, and the occurrence of virulence phenotypes varied with strains. Continued and enhanced laboratory based-surveillance is needed in the future together with systematically collection of the epidemiological information of the cases or the outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, and National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
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Singh R, Rajpara N, Tak J, Patel A, Mohanty P, Vinothkumar K, Chowdhury G, Ramamurthy T, Ghosh A, Bhardwaj AK. Clinical isolates of Vibrio fluvialis from Kolkata, India, obtained during 2006: plasmids, the qnr gene and a mutation in gyrase A as mechanisms of multidrug resistance. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:369-374. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.037226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rochika Singh
- Department of Human Health and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Neha Rajpara
- Department of Human Health and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Jyoti Tak
- Department of Human Health and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Arati Patel
- Department of Human Health and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Priyabrata Mohanty
- Department of Human Health and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Kittappa Vinothkumar
- Department of Human Health and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Amit Ghosh
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Ashima Kushwaha Bhardwaj
- Department of Human Health and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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Igbinosa EO, Okoh AI. Vibrio fluvialis: an unusual enteric pathogen of increasing public health concern. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:3628-43. [PMID: 21139853 PMCID: PMC2996184 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7103628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In developing countries, the fraction of treated wastewater effluents being discharged into watersheds have increased over the period of time, which have led to the deteriorations of the qualities of major rivers in developing nations. Consequently, high densities of disease causing bacteria in the watersheds are regularly reported including incidences of emerging Vibrio fluvialis. Vibrio fluvialis infection remains among those infectious diseases posing a potentially serious threat to public health. This paper addresses the epidemiology of this pathogen; pathogenesis of its disease; and its clinical manifestations in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etinosa O. Igbinosa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; E-Mail:
| | - Anthony I. Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; E-Mail:
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Bhattacharjee S, Bhattacharjee S, Bal B, Pal R, Niyogi SK, Sarkar K. Is Vibrio fluvialis emerging as a pathogen with epidemic potential in coastal region of eastern India following cyclone Aila? JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2010; 28:311-317. [PMID: 20824973 PMCID: PMC2965321 DOI: 10.3329/jhpn.v28i4.6036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An isolated area with diarrhoea epidemic was explored at Pakhirala village of the Sundarbans, a coastal region of South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, eastern India. The Pakhirala village was surrounded by other villages affected by a similar epidemic. The affected villages experienced this epidemic following the cyclone Aila, which had hit the coastal region of the Sundarbans in eastern India. In Pakhirala, the situation was the worst. Within a span of six weeks (5 June-20 July 2009), 3,529 (91.2%) of 3,871 residents were affected by watery diarrhoea. Of all the cases (n = 3,529), 918 (26%) were affected by moderate to severe diarrhoea. In other villages, 28,550 (70%) of the 40,786 people were affected; of them, 3,997 (14%) had moderate to severe watery diarrhoea. The attack rate and the severity of the cases were significantly higher in Pakhirala village compared to other affected villages. The laboratory results revealed that Vibrio fluvialis was the predominant pathogen in Pakhirala village (5 of 6 laboratory-confirmed organisms) whereas Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa was the predominant pathogen in other villages of Gosaba block (7 of 9 bacteriologically-confirmed organisms). This result indicates that V fluvialis behaves more aggressively than V cholerae O1 in an epidemic situation with a higher attack rate and a different clinical picture. An in-depth study is required to explore its pathogenicity in detail, geographical distribution, and possible control measures, including development of specific vaccine preparation and determination of its efficacy.
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20
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Rajpara N, Patel A, Tiwari N, Bahuguna J, Antony A, Choudhury I, Ghosh A, Jain R, Ghosh A, Bhardwaj AK. Mechanism of drug resistance in a clinical isolate of Vibrio fluvialis: involvement of multiple plasmids and integrons. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 34:220-5. [PMID: 19427174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of mobile genetic elements in imparting multiple drug resistance to a clinical isolate of Vibrio fluvialis (BD146) was investigated. This isolate showed complete or intermediate resistance to all of the 14 antibiotics tested. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed the presence of a class 1 integron and the absence of the SXT element in this isolate. The strain harboured a 7.5 kb plasmid and a very low copy number plasmid of unknown molecular size. Transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmid(s) from BD146 generated two kinds of transformants, one that harboured both of these plasmids and the other that harboured only the low copy number plasmid. PCR and antibiogram analysis indicated the association of the class 1 integron with the low copy number plasmid, which also conferred all the transferable resistance traits except trimethoprim to the parent strain. A BLAST search with the sequence of the 7.5kb plasmid showed that it was 99% identical to plasmid pVN84 from Vibrio cholerae O1 in Vietnam, indicating that these two plasmids are probably one and the same. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of horizontal transfer of a plasmid between V. fluvialis and V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Rajpara
- Department of Human Health and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar 382 007, Gujarat, India
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21
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Concomitant Bacteremia Caused by Vibrio fluvialis and Vibrio alginolyticus in a Patient on Hemodialysis. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/01.idc.0000240869.50801.4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Srinivasan VB, Virk RK, Kaundal A, Chakraborty R, Datta B, Ramamurthy T, Mukhopadhyay AK, Ghosh A. Mechanism of drug resistance in clonally related clinical isolates of Vibrio fluvialis isolated in Kolkata, India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:2428-32. [PMID: 16801422 PMCID: PMC1489780 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01561-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in 19 strains of Vibrio fluvialis isolated from 1998 to 2002 in Kolkata, India, were investigated. Class 1 integrons were detected in eight strains, and four strains were found to carry SXT integrases. In the presence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone or reserpine, all nalidixic acid- and ciprofloxacin-resistant strains became sensitive, suggesting that drug efflux plays a major role in quinolone resistance in V. fluvialis. It was further seen that strains which had MICs of > 25 microg/ml for nalidixic acid had a sense mutation (Ser to Ile) at position 83 of the quinolone resistance-determining region of gyrA. All except one of the integron- and SXT integrase-bearing strains belonged to the same ribotype.
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23
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Abstract
We describe a patient who presented with cholera-like diarrhea seven days after eating shellfish at a seafood buffet on the Gulf Coast. The patient's stool culture grew only Vibrio fluvialis on TCBS agar, and his diarrhea and profound acidosis completely resolved within 24 hours of initiating antibiotics. To our knowledge, a detailed case of V fluvialis diarrhea with cholera-like symptoms has not been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Allton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keesler Medical Center, Keesler Air Force Base, Biloxi, MS, USA.
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24
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Chakraborty R, Sinha S, Mukhopadhyay AK, Asakura M, Yamasaki S, Bhattacharya SK, Nair GB, Ramamurthy T. Species-specific identification of Vibrio fluvialis by PCR targeted to the conserved transcriptional activation and variable membrane tether regions of the toxR gene. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:805-808. [PMID: 16687605 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46395-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rupa Chakraborty
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata - 700010, India
| | - Sutapa Sinha
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata - 700010, India
| | - Asish K Mukhopadhyay
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata - 700010, India
| | - Masahiro Asakura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - S K Bhattacharya
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata - 700010, India
| | - G Balakrish Nair
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - T Ramamurthy
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata - 700010, India
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Chakraborty R, Chakraborty S, De K, Sinha S, Mukhopadhyay AK, Khanam J, Ramamurthy T, Takeda Y, Bhattacharya SK, Nair GB. Cytotoxic and cell vacuolating activity of Vibrio fluvialis isolated from paediatric patients with diarrhoea. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54:707-716. [PMID: 16014422 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.45820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio fluvialis is a halophilic Vibrio species associated with acute diarrhoeal illness in humans. It has the potential to cause outbreaks and has an association with paediatric diarrhoea. In this study, 11 V. fluvialis strains isolated from hospitalized patients with acute diarrhoea at the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kolkata were extensively characterized. All the strains showed growth in peptone broth containing 7% NaCl. The strains showed variable results in Voges-Proskauer test and to a vibriostatic agent. There was also variation in their antibiograms, and some of the strains were multidrug resistant. Among the 11 strains, two showed only a single band difference in their PFGE profile and the remaining strains showed nine different PFGE patterns. However, unlike PFGE, the strains exhibited close matches and clustering in their ribotype patterns. The haemolytic effect on sheep red blood cells varied with strains. Partial sequence analysis revealed that the V. fluvialis haemolysin gene has 81% homology with that of the El Tor haemolysin of Vibrio cholerae. A striking finding was the capability of all the strains to evoke distinct cytotoxic and vacuolation effects on HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupa Chakraborty
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata - 700 010, India 2Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata - 700 032, India 3Jissen Women's University, 4-1-1, Osakane Hinocity, Tokyo 191-8510, Japan 4International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka - 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata - 700 010, India 2Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata - 700 032, India 3Jissen Women's University, 4-1-1, Osakane Hinocity, Tokyo 191-8510, Japan 4International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka - 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Keya De
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata - 700 010, India 2Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata - 700 032, India 3Jissen Women's University, 4-1-1, Osakane Hinocity, Tokyo 191-8510, Japan 4International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka - 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Sutapa Sinha
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata - 700 010, India 2Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata - 700 032, India 3Jissen Women's University, 4-1-1, Osakane Hinocity, Tokyo 191-8510, Japan 4International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka - 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Asish K Mukhopadhyay
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata - 700 010, India 2Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata - 700 032, India 3Jissen Women's University, 4-1-1, Osakane Hinocity, Tokyo 191-8510, Japan 4International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka - 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Jasmina Khanam
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata - 700 010, India 2Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata - 700 032, India 3Jissen Women's University, 4-1-1, Osakane Hinocity, Tokyo 191-8510, Japan 4International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka - 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Thandavarayan Ramamurthy
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata - 700 010, India 2Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata - 700 032, India 3Jissen Women's University, 4-1-1, Osakane Hinocity, Tokyo 191-8510, Japan 4International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka - 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Yoshifumi Takeda
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata - 700 010, India 2Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata - 700 032, India 3Jissen Women's University, 4-1-1, Osakane Hinocity, Tokyo 191-8510, Japan 4International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka - 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Sujit K Bhattacharya
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata - 700 010, India 2Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata - 700 032, India 3Jissen Women's University, 4-1-1, Osakane Hinocity, Tokyo 191-8510, Japan 4International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka - 1212, Bangladesh
| | - G Balakrish Nair
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata - 700 010, India 2Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata - 700 032, India 3Jissen Women's University, 4-1-1, Osakane Hinocity, Tokyo 191-8510, Japan 4International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka - 1212, Bangladesh
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Ahmed AM, Shinoda S, Shimamoto T. A variant type of Vibrio cholerae SXT element in a multidrug-resistant strain of Vibrio fluvialis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 242:241-7. [PMID: 15621444 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2004] [Revised: 10/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio fluvialis strain H-08942 was isolated from an infant aged 6 months who was suffering from cholera-like diarrhea in India. This strain showed the typical multidrug-resistance phenotype of an SXT element. It was resistant to sulfamethoxazole (Su), trimethoprim (Tm), chloramphenicol (Cm) and streptomycin (Sm), in addition to other antibiotics such as ampicillin (Am), furazolidone (Fz), nalidixic acid (Na), and gentamicin (Gm). The SXT element is a Vibrio cholerae-derived integrative and conjugative element (ICE) that has also been referred to as a conjugative transposon. Our goal was to find a relationship between these resistant phenotypes and the presence of the SXT element in this unique strain. By using PCR, we detected the antibiotic resistance genes, the integrase gene and the attP attachment site of SXT element. Cloning and DNA sequencing results showed that both the SXT integrase gene and its attP site of V. fluvialis were similar but not identical to those of V. cholerae. The SXT integrase gene of V. fluvialis has a 99% identity to that of V. cholerae, and the attP site of SXT of V. fluvialis is variant and shorter (641 bp) than that of V. cholerae (785 bp). It was possible for the SXT of V. fluvialis to be transferred by conjugation to a laboratory strain of Escherichia coli. Here, we report the detection of a variant SXT element in species other than V. cholerae, with molecular characterization and analysis of its integrase gene and its attP site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M Ahmed
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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Han JH, Lee JH, Choi YH, Park JH, Choi TJ, Kong IS. Purification, characterization and molecular cloning of Vibrio fluvialis hemolysin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1599:106-14. [PMID: 12479411 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-9639(02)00407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hemolysin of Vibrio fluvialis (VFH) was purified from culture supernatants by ammonium sulfate precipitation and successive column chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose and Mono-Q. N-terminal amino acid sequences of the purified VFH were determined. The purified protein exhibited hemolytic activity on many mammalian erythrocytes with rabbit erythrocytes being the most sensitive to VFH. Activity of the native VFH was inhibited by the addition of Zn2+, Ni2+, Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions at low concentrations. Pores formed on rabbit erythrocytes were approximately 2.8-3.7 nm in diameter, as demonstrated by osmotic protection assay. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the vfh gene revealed an open reading frame (ORF) consisting of 2200 bp which encodes a protein of 740 amino acids with a molecular weight of 82 kDa. Molecular weight of the purified VFH was estimated to be 79 kDa by SDS-PAGE and N-terminal amino acid sequence revealed that the 82 kDa prehemolysin is synthesized in the cytoplasm and is then secreted into the extracellular environment as the 79 kDa mature hemolysin after cleavage of 25 N-terminal amino acids. Deletion of 70 amino acids from the C-terminus exhibited a smaller hemolytic activity, while deletion of 148 C-terminal amino acids prevented hemolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyun Han
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Pukyong National University, Pusan, 608-737, South Korea
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Lesmana M, Subekti DS, Tjaniadi P, Simanjuntak CH, Punjabi NH, Campbell JR, Oyofo BA. Spectrum of vibrio species associated with acute diarrhea in North Jakarta, Indonesia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 43:91-7. [PMID: 12088614 DOI: 10.1016/s0732-8893(02)00373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio spp was isolated from 1024 (21.2%) of 4820 diarrhea patients admitted to a community hospital in North Jakarta from 1996 through 1998. Vibrio cholerae O1 (49.5%) and V. parahaemolyticus (30.1%) comprised the major species isolated, followed by V. cholerae non-O1 (16.9%), and V. fluvialis (9.4%). In 938 (19.4%) patients, Vibrio was found as single isolate. Multiple infections were detected in 86 (1.8%) patients. A small number of V. furnisii, V. metschnikovii, V. mimicus and V. hollisae were also isolated. No V. cholerae O139 was detected. The majority of patients with Vibrio spp. infections were adults between the ages of 20 to 45 years. No Vibrio spp. was isolated from infants <1 year old in this study. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed no antibiotic resistance associated with the 507 V. cholerae O1 isolates tested, except for colistin (100%). These data implicate Vibrio spp. as a major cause of diarrhea in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Lesmana
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.2, Jakarta, Indonesia
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30
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Harrigan WF. Incidents of food poisoning and food-borne diseases from 'new' or 'unexpected' causes: can they be prevented? Int J Food Sci Technol 1998. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2621.1998.3320177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Sears CL, Kaper JB. Enteric bacterial toxins: mechanisms of action and linkage to intestinal secretion. Microbiol Rev 1996; 60:167-215. [PMID: 8852900 PMCID: PMC239424 DOI: 10.1128/mr.60.1.167-215.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C L Sears
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Magalhães V, Magalhães M, Lima RA, Tateno S, Magalhães E. Víbrios não coléricos na rotina enterobacteriológica. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1992. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46651992000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
De 3.250 fezes diarréicas, recebidas para diagnóstico microbiológico em laboratório clínico particular, no Recife, Brasil, isolaram-se 55 (1,7%) linhagens de Vibrio. O estudo foi realizado entre maio de 1989 e maio de 1991. Para o isolamento de Vibrio, os espécimes fecais foram enriquecidos em água peptonada alcalina suplementada com 2% de NaCl e subcultivados em ágar tiosulfato-citrato-sais biliares-sacarose (TCBS). Das espécies isoladas, V. parahaemolyticus foi a mais freqüente (24 cepas), seguida de V. furnissii (15 cepas), V. cholerae não 01 (6 cepas), V. alginolyticus (4 cepas), V. fluvialis (2 cepas) e Vibrio sp. (1 cepa). Do ponto de vista custo-benefício, a baixa taxa de isolamento de Vibrio levanta dúvidas acerca da utilidade do TCBS na rotina enterobacteriológica dos laboratórios clínicos
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33
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Rahman MM, Qadri F, Albert MJ, Hossain A, Mosihuzzaman M. Lipopolysaccharide composition and virulence properties of clinical and environmental strains of Vibrio fluvialis and Vibrio mimicus. Microbiol Immunol 1992; 36:327-38. [PMID: 1383675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio mimicus strains W-26768 (stool isolate) and N-1301 (environmental isolate) and Vibrio fluvialis strains AA-18239 (stool isolate) and M-940 (environmental isolate) were studied for virulence properties and lipopolysaccharide composition. All four strains were hydrophobic, produced cytotoxin, adhered to HeLa cells and showed mannose-sensitive agglutination of guinea pig erythrocyte. The strains were negative for enterotoxin production and were mostly susceptible to the common antibiotics. The environmental and clinical isolates of both species were antigenically unrelated to each other. Lipopolysaccharide antigen analysis showed that O-antigen polysaccharides of two strains of V. fluvialis and two strains of V. mimicus differed with respect to the sugar components. Only LPS from V. mimicus W-26768 showed the presence of an unusual sugar, 3,6-dideoxy-3-acetamido-hexose. The sugar compositions of these V. fluvialis and V. mimicus strains differed from those of previously reported Japanese isolates. These differences probably reflect differences in the serogroup of strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
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34
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Seasonality and toxigenicity ofVibrio cholerae non-01 isolated from different components of pond ecosystems of Dhaka City, Bangladesh. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1992; 8:160-3. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01195838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/1991] [Accepted: 08/24/1991] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Myatt DC, Davis GH. Extracellular and surface-bound biological activities of Vibrio fluvialis, Vibrio furnissii and related species. Med Microbiol Immunol 1989; 178:279-87. [PMID: 2779486 DOI: 10.1007/bf00191062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-seven Vibrio strains were assessed for virulence-associated biological activities, including iron chelation, hydrolases, haemolysis and haemagglutination. All strains hydrolysed DNA, chitin, gelatin and casein, produced siderophores, and lysed red blood cells. All V. fluvialis, V. cholerae and V. mimicus strains exhibited diverse lipolytic activity distinct from more discriminate lipolysis by V. furnissii. V. furnissii manifested fibrin and mucin hydrolysis but no phosphate or esculin hydrolysis, for which V. fluvialis varied. No strains hydrolysed urea, alginate or keratin. V. fluvialis, V. furnissii and V. mimicus strains failed to exhibit the mannose-sensitive haemagglutination typical of V. cholerae. Some activities may distinguish otherwise phenotypically similar species. Species tested commonly possessed biological activities that may contribute to virulence, although there was no apparent correlation with isolation from human sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Myatt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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36
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West PA. The human pathogenic vibrios--a public health update with environmental perspectives. Epidemiol Infect 1989; 103:1-34. [PMID: 2673820 PMCID: PMC2249492 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Vibrio species are naturally-occurring bacteria in freshwater and saline aquatic environments. Counts of free-living bacteria in water are generally less than required to induce disease. Increases in number of organisms towards an infective dose can occur as water temperatures rise seasonally followed by growth and concentration of bacteria on higher animals, such as chitinous plankton, or accumulation by shellfish and seafood. Pathogenic Vibrio species must elaborate a series of virulence factors to elicit disease in humans. Activities which predispose diarrhoeal and extraintestinal infections include ingestion of seafood and shellfish and occupational or recreational exposure to natural aquatic environments, especially those above 20 degrees C. Travel to areas endemic for diseases due to pathogenic Vibrio species may be associated with infections. Host risk factors strongly associated with infections are lack of gastric acid and liver disorders. Involvement of pathogenic Vibrio species in cases of diarrhoea should be suspected especially if infection is associated with ingestion of seafood or shellfish, raw or undercooked, in the previous 72 h. Vibrio species should be suspected in any acute infection associated with wounds sustained or exposed in the marine or estuarine environment. Laboratories serving coastal areas where infection due to pathogenic Vibrio species are most likely to occur should consider routine use of TCBS agar and other detection regimens for culture of Vibrio species from faeces, blood and samples from wound and ear infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A West
- North West Water Authority, Warrington, United Kingdom
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37
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Ciznăr I, Hussain N, Ahsan CR, Kay BA, Clemens JD, Sack DA. Oral cholera vaccines containing B-subunit-killed whole cells and killed whole cells only. I. Cross-reacting antigens of members of family Vibrionaceae and the vaccines. Vaccine 1989; 7:111-6. [PMID: 2750268 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(89)90047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Antigenic similarity between the oral cholera B subunit-whole cell (BS-WC) and whole-cell only (WC) vaccines and strains of the family Vibrionaceae was studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. A reference system consisting of Vibrio cholerae Inaba E1 Tor antigenic extract and homologous rabbit antiserum was applied in the study. The system was represented by 30 anodically migrating antigens forming distinct precipitation bands. Antigenic extracts of other members of the family Vibrionaceae showed the following numbers of cellular antigens shared in common with the reference system: Vibrio cholerae non-01-30, V. mimicus-23, V. fluvialis-15, V. parahaemolyticus-10, Aeromonas hydrophila-7, A. sobria-5, A. caviae-4 and Plesiomonas shigelloides-5 antigens. Homologous rabbit antiserum reacted with 11 antigens of BS-WC vaccine and 10 antigens of WC vaccine. The number of antigens which members of the family Vibrionaceae shared in common with those preserved in the WC component of the vaccines were as follows: Vibrio cholerae non-01, 7; V. mimicus, 5; V. fluvialis, 3; V. parahaemolyticus, 3; Aeromonas hydrophila, 2; A. sobria, 2; and A. caviae, 2; Plesiomonas shigelloides, 1. None of the strains produced an antigen reacting with anti-cholera toxin antibodies. The presence of common antigens in the vaccine and among members of family Vibrionaceae indicates that the oral cholera vaccine could stimulate immunity effectively against other members of the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ciznăr
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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38
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39
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Janda JM, Powers C, Bryant RG, Abbott SL. Current perspectives on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of clinically significant Vibrio spp. Clin Microbiol Rev 1988; 1:245-67. [PMID: 3058295 PMCID: PMC358049 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.1.3.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent taxonomic advances have now implicated several different Vibrio species as human pathogens. While the most common clinical presentation of Vibrio infection continues to be gastroenteritis, an increasing number of extraintestinal infections are being reported, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Detection of Vibrio infections requires a good clinical history and the use of appropriate isolation and identification procedures by the laboratory to confirm illnesses attributed to Vibrio species. Except for Vibrio cholerae O1 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, there is little direct evidence linking the production of a myriad of cell-associated or extracellular factors produced by each species with human disease and pathogenesis. Many questions regarding pathogenic Vibrio species remain unanswered, including their frequency and distribution in environmental specimens (water, shellfish), infective doses, virulence potential of individual isolates, and markers associated with such strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Janda
- Microbial Diseases Laboratory, California Department of Health Services, Berkeley 94704
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40
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HOOVER DALLASG. REVIEW OF ISOLATION AND ENUMERATION METHODS FOR VIBRIO SPECIES OF FOOD SAFETY SIGNIFICANCE. J Food Saf 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1985.tb00492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Taylor DN, Echeverria P, Blaser MJ, Pitarangsi C, Blacklow N, Cross J, Weniger BG. Polymicrobial aetiology of travellers' diarrhoea. Lancet 1985; 1:381-3. [PMID: 2857430 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Of 35 US Peace Corps volunteers in Thailand, 20 (57%) had a total of 30 episodes of diarrhoea during their first 6 weeks in the country. Enteric pathogens were associated with 90% of the episodes. A single pathogen was identified in 17 (57%) episodes, 2-4 pathogens were identified in 10 (33%) episodes, and there were 15 symptomless infections. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) was identified in 37% of these episodes, and various salmonella serotypes were isolated in 33%. Infections with 9 other enteric pathogens were also identified: Campylobacter jejuni (17%), Plesiomonas shigelloides (13%), Aeromonas hydrophila (10%), Blastocystis hominis (7%), Norwalk virus (7%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (3%), non-O1 Vibrio cholerae (3%), Vibrio fluvialis (3%), and rotavirus (3%). In total, 56 enteric infections were documented in 35 volunteers.
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42
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43
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Wall VW, Kreger AS, Richardson SH. Production and partial characterization of a Vibrio fluvialis cytotoxin. Infect Immun 1984; 46:773-7. [PMID: 6500710 PMCID: PMC261612 DOI: 10.1128/iai.46.3.773-777.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Conditions are described for the production of an extracellular cytotoxin or CHO cell-killing factor by Vibrio fluvialis, a recently recognized enteric pathogen. The cell-killing factor was ammonium sulfate precipitable, heat labile, and inactivated by proteases, and had an isoelectric point (estimated by sucrose density gradient electrofocusing) and an apparent molecular weight (estimated by gel filtration) of ca. 4.8 and 12,200, respectively. The culture supernatant fluids also possessed hemolytic and phospholipase A2 activities; however, they were separable from cell-killing factor activity by gel filtration. The substance(s) possessing the hemolytic and phospholipase activities coeluted when fractionated by gel filtration with Sephacryl S-200 (apparent molecular weight of ca. 34,500) and had isoelectric points of ca. 4.4 and 4.5, respectively.
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44
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45
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Brenner DJ, Hickman-Brenner FW, Lee JV, Steigerwalt AG, Fanning GR, Hollis DG, Farmer JJ, Weaver RE, Joseph SW, Seidler RJ. Vibrio furnissii (formerly aerogenic biogroup of Vibrio fluvialis), a new species isolated from human feces and the environment. J Clin Microbiol 1983; 18:816-24. [PMID: 6630464 PMCID: PMC270912 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.18.4.816-824.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Strains formerly classified as the aerogenic (gas-producing) biogroup of Vibrio fluvialis were shown by DNA relatedness to be a separate species. The species was named Vibrio furnissii sp. nov. (type strain ATCC 35016 = CDC B3215). Three strains of V. furnissii were 79% or more related to the type strain of V. furnissii and about 50% related to the type strain of V. fluvialis. V. fluvialis strains were 40 to 64% related to the type strain of V. furnissii. Divergence in related sequences was only 0.0 to 1.5% among strains of V. furnissii and among strains of V. fluvialis but was 5.0 to 8.0% in interspecific reactions between V. fluvialis and V. furnissii. V. furnissii was aerogenic (produced gas from the fermentation of carbohydrates), whereas V. fluvialis was anaerogenic (did not produce gas from the fermentation of carbohydrates). Another test of some help in differentiating the two species was fermentation of L-rhamnose (57% positive for V. furnissii and negative for V. fluvialis). In addition to the reactions above, V. furnissii is distinguished from other salt-requiring vibrios on the basis of its positive reactions in tests for Møller L-arginine, L-arabinose, maltose, and D-mannitol and its negative reactions for Møller L-lysine and L-ornithine, lactose, and Voges-Proskauer. V. furnissii has been isolated from patients with acute gastroenteritis in at least two outbreaks of food poisoning; its role as a cause of diarrhea needs further study.
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46
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Pien FD, Ang KS, Nakashima NT, Evans DG, Grote JA, Hefley ML, Kubota EA. Bacterial flora of marine penetrating injuries. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1983; 1:229-32. [PMID: 6673897 DOI: 10.1016/0732-8893(83)90022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriologic and clinical features of 28 cases of traumatic marine injuries are described. The most common bacterial isolates were normal skin bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and, in 11% of cases, Vibrio alginolyticus. All injuries responded to local wound care, and only half received antibiotic therapy.
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Echeverria P, Pitarangsi C, Eampokalap B, Vibulbandhitkit S, Boonthai P, Rowe B. A longitudinal study of the prevalence of bacterial enteric pathogens among adults with diarrhea in Bangkok, Thailand. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1983; 1:193-204. [PMID: 6370564 DOI: 10.1016/0732-8893(83)90018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Six hundred sixty adults with diarrhea treated at Bamrasnaradura hospital, Bangkok, Thailand were investigated to determine the prevalence, seasonality, and severity of diarrhea associated with bacterial enteric pathogens in 1980 and 1981. Shigella were isolated from 27% and Vibrio parahaemolyticus from 19% of the patients studied. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (5%), Salmonella (3%), non-01 Vibrio cholerae (3%), Campylobacter jejuni (1%), and Group F vibrio (less than 1%) were isolated from a smaller proportion of the patients. Shigella infections were most common in July-September, during the period of maximum rainfall in Thailand, while V. parahaemolyticus was isolated most frequently in September and October at the end of the rainy season. 0-1 Vibrio cholerae was isolated from 25% of 104 patients studied in the hot, dry spring of 1980, but was not isolated throughout 1981. Patients with cholera passed more watery stools, while those with Salmonella and Shigella most frequently had headaches, and those with Shigella more often had blood in their stools than those with other infections, or in whom no bacterial enteric pathogens were identified. Annual, seasonal, and, from a comparison with other reported surveys, geographical differences exist in the prevalence of bacterial enteric pathogens in adults with diarrhea in tropical developing countries.
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48
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Nishibuchi M, Roberts NC, Bradford HB, Seidler RJ. Broth medium for enrichment of Vibrio fluvialis from the environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983; 46:425-9. [PMID: 6625569 PMCID: PMC239406 DOI: 10.1128/aem.46.2.425-429.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A medium was designed for the enrichment and enumeration of Vibrio fluvialis from environmental samples. The medium contains 1% peptone plus 4% sodium chloride and 5 micrograms of novobiocin per ml, pH 8.5. This V. fluvialis enrichment medium (FEM) was tested, in comparison with alkaline peptone (AP), in field samplings. A total of 177 samples (estuarine waters and sediment, sewage, and crabs) collected over a 14-month period were examined with FEM and with AP broth. Results showed that FEM was more effective than AP in detecting V. fluvialis, particularly from water and sewage samples with low salinities (less than 6%). The best recovery of V. fluvialis occurred when both enrichment media were used simultaneously.
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49
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Andrus CR, Walter M, Crosa JH, Payne SM. Synthesis of siderophores by pathogenicVibrio species. Curr Microbiol 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01567583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Nishibuchi M, Seidler RJ. Medium-dependent production of extracellular enterotoxins by non-O-1 Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio mimicus, and Vibrio fluvialis. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983; 45:228-31. [PMID: 6824317 PMCID: PMC242258 DOI: 10.1128/aem.45.1.228-231.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid accumulation at 4 h in the intestines of suckling mice enabled us to distinguish non-O-1 Vibrio cholerae, V. mimicus, and V. fluvialis clinical isolates from environmental isolates. Enterotoxin production was culture medium dependent. Filtrates of cultures grown in tryptic soy broth without glucose but with added 0.5% NaCl did not exhibit marked enterotoxin activity in the assay. Culture filtrates of all clinical strains grown in brain heart infusion broth supplemented with 0.5% NaCl induced large amounts of fluid accumulation in mouse intestines. However, most environmental strains grown in brain heart infusion broth amended as described above were unable to induce fluid accumulation. The enterotoxin present in culture filtrates lost activity at 56 degrees C and appeared to be distinct from previously described virulence factors, including the well-described cholera toxin. The new enterotoxin could represent an important virulence mechanism common to all three species.
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