M-type dual-channel endoscopy with zebra guidewire lithotripsy for phytobezoars

Table 1 Baseline demographic characteristics, n (%)/mean ± SD

Parameters	Conventional endoscopy group (n = 67)	Combined endoscopy group (n = 43)	t/χ2	P value
Age (years)	48.64 ± 14.21	52.41 ± 13.23	1.395	0.166
Gender			2.037	0.154
Male	36 (53.73)	29 (67.44)
Female	31 (46.27)	14 (32.56)
BMI (kg/m2)	25.33 ± 3.90	25.65 ± 4.25	0.403	0.687
Social history
Alcohol	29 (43.28)	18 (41.86)	0.022	0.883
Smoking	19 (28.36)	12 (27.91)	0.003	0.959
Comorbidities
Hypertension	45 (67.16)	29 (67.44)	0.001	0.976
Diabetes	41 (61.19)	26 (60.47)	0.006	0.939
Chronic heart disease	23 (34.33)	15 (34.88)	0.004	0.952
Hyperlipidemia	36 (53.73)	23 (53.49)	0.001	0.980
Peptic ulcer	27 (40.30)	17 (39.53)	0.006	0.936
Gastrointestinal surgery history
Stomach
Bilroth 2 gastrectomy	9 (13.43)	6 (13.95)	0.006	0.938
Subtotal gastrectomy	4 (5.97)	3 (6.98)	0.000	1.000
Esophagus (Nissen fundoplication)	2 (2.99)	1 (2.33)	0.000	1.000

BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of gastric bezoars, n (%)/mean ± SD

Parameters	Conventional endoscopy group (n = 67)	Combined endoscopy group (n = 43)	t/χ2	P value
Stone characteristics
Stone size (cm)	5.63 ± 1.64	5.93 ± 1.74	0.930	0.354
Number of stones			0.002	0.961
Single	59 (88.06)	38 (88.37)
Multiple	8 (11.94)	5 (11.63)
Stone color			0.055	0.973
Blackish-green	28 (41.79)	17 (39.53)
Variegated	18 (26.87)	12 (27.91)
Golden yellow	21 (31.34)	14 (32.56)
Distribution of causes			0.055	0.997
Persimmon	57 (85.07)	37 (86.05)
Hawthorn	5 (7.46)	3 (6.98)
Black Jujube	3 (4.48)	2 (4.65)
Other	2 (2.99)	1 (2.33)
Season of onset			0.102	0.992
Spring	17 (25.37)	11 (25.58)
Summer	7 (10.45)	5 (11.63)
Autumn	9 (13.43)	5 (11.63)
Winter	34 (50.75)	22 (51.16)

Table 3 Endoscopic findings before surgery, n (%)

Parameters	Conventional endoscopy group (n = 67)	Combined endoscopy group (n = 43)	t/χ2	P value
Basal gastric mucosa
Atrophic gastric mucosa	51 (76.12)	33 (76.74)	0.006	0.940
Remnant stomach	7 (10.45)	4 (9.30)	0.000	1.000
Deformation of the pyloric canal or antral chamber	2 (2.99)	1 (2.33)	0.000	1.000
Ulcer condition
Specific distribution of ulcers			0.239	0.887
Single ulcer	45 (67.16)	30 (69.77)
Multiple ulcer	15 (22.39)	8 (18.60)
None	7 (10.45)	5 (11.63)
Distribution of ulcer sites
Gastric angle	44 (65.67)	28 (65.12)	0.004	0.952
Pyloric antrum	13 (19.40)	8 (18.60)	0.011	0.917
Body of stomach	10 (14.93)	6 (13.95)	0.020	0.888
Fundus and cardia of stomach	2 (2.99)	1 (2.33)	0.000	1.000
Anastomotic site	1 (1.49)	1 (2.33)	0.000	1.000
Endoscopic findings
Erosion	61 (91.04)	39 (90.70)	0.000	1.000
Esophagitis	18 (26.87)	11 (25.58)	0.022	0.881
Obstruction	7 (10.45)	5 (11.63)	0.000	1.000
H. pylori positive	38 (56.72)	24 (55.81)	0.009	0.926

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Table 4 Perioperative surgical-related indicators, n (%)/mean ± SD

Parameters	Conventional endoscopy group (n = 67)	Combined endoscopy group (n = 43)	t/χ2	P value
Duration of lithotripsy (minute)	75.57 ± 6.66	45.61 ± 5.94	23.995	< 0.001
Number of lithotripsy sessions	1.60 ± 0.87	1.22 ± 0.43	3.050	0.003
Distribution of lithotripsy sessions			13.056	0.001
1	40 (59.70)	33 (76.74)
2	10 (14.93)	10 (23.26)
3	17 (25.37)	0 (0.00)
Length of hospital stay (day)	7.14 ± 3.47	5.89 ± 1.61	2.556	0.012

Table 5 Postoperative efficacy outcomes, n (%)/mean ± SD

Parameters	Conventional endoscopy group (n = 67)	Combined endoscopy group (n = 43)	t/χ2	P value
Efficacy rate			10.869	0.004
Complete recovery	37 (55.22)	34 (79.07)
Effective	17 (25.37)	9 (20.93)
Ineffective	13 (19.40)	0 (0.00)
Overall efficacy rate	54 (80.60)	43 (100.00)	9.461	0.002
Postoperative stone residuals	17 (25.37)	2 (4.65)	7.871	0.005
Time to symptom relief (hour)	63.21 ± 12.33	60.25 ± 11.32	1.270	0.207