Clinical application of remimazolam benzenesulfonate in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under intravenous general anesthesia

Table 1 Comparison of general characteristics between two patient groups (n = 59), mean ± SD/n (%)

Parameters	OG	CG	t/χ2	P value
Age (year)	68.08 ± 4.78	68.14 ± 5.37	-0.054	0.957
Gender			0.036	0.850
Male	22 (37.29)	23 (38.98)
Female	37 (62.71)	36 (61.02)
BMI (kg/m2)	25.20 ± 2.81	25.63 ± 3.03	-0.312	0.541
Medical history			1.364	0.714
Diabetes history	10 (16.95)	7 (11.86)
Hypertension history	16 (27.12)	13 (22.03)
Other medical history	9 (15.25)	10 (16.95)
No medical history	24 (40.48)	29 (49.15)
ASA classification			0.428	0.807
Grade I	19 (32.20)	17 (28.81)
Grade II	37 (62.71)	40 (67.80)
Grade III	3 (5.08)	2 (3.39)

OG: Observation group; CG: Control group; BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.

Table 2 Comparison of anesthetic induction and recovery outcomes between two patient groups (n = 59), mean ± SD

Parameters	OG	CG	Statistic	P value
Eyelash reflex disappearance time (second)	55.92 ± 10.11	43.03 ± 12.68	6.101	< 0.001
BIS value drop to 60 times (second)	82.15 ± 6.37	57.34 ± 11.73	14.280	< 0.001
Awakening time (second)	506.53 ± 34.17	493.83 ± 50.79	1.593	0.114
Extubation time (second)	541.32 ± 34.26	528.05 ± 51.01	1.659	0.100

OG: Observation group; CG: Control group; BIS: Bispectral index.

Table 3 Comparison of adverse reaction incidence between two patient groups, n (%)

Parameters	OG	CG	χ2	P value
Induction injection pain	1 (1.69)	19 (32.20)	20.338	< 0.001
Bradycardia	2 (3.39)	11 (18.64)	7.002	0.008
Hypotension	4 (6.78)	16 (27.12)	8.669	0.003
Post-extubation respiratory depression	0	0	-	-
Hypoxemia	1 (1.69)	3 (5.08)	1.035	0.309
Delayed emergence from anesthesia	1 (1.69)	1 (1.69)	-	-
Dizziness and headache	0	0	-	-
Agitation	1 (1.69)	1 (1.69)	-	-
Somnolence	1 (1.69)	0	1.009	0.315
Delirium	0	0	-	-
Total adverse reactions1	9 (15.25)	27 (45.76)	12.951	0.001

¹Multiple adverse reactions occurred in the same patient.

OG: Observation group; CG: Control group.

Table 4 Comparison of medication use between two patient groups, n (%)

Parameters	OG	CG	χ2	P value
Dopamine	1 (1.69)	9 (15.25)	6.993	0.008
Norepinephrine	3 (5.08)	10 (16.95)	4.236	0.040
Anisodamine hydrobromide	2 (3.39)	8 (13.56)	4.041	0.044
Nitroglycerin	1 (1.69)	2 (3.39)	0.342	0.559

OG: Observation group; CG: Control group.

Table 5 Comparison of Visual Analogue Scale scores between 2 patient groups, mean ± SD

Parameters	Groups	Postoperative 1 hour	Postoperative 6 hours	Postoperative 24 hours
Postoperative pain management using PCIA (n = 81)	OG (n = 42)	2.55 ± 0.77	3.12 ± 0.55a	4.79 ± 0.42a,b
	CG (n = 39)	4.79 ± 0.41	4.49 ± 0.51	4.64 ± 0.49
	Fgroup/time/interaction	418.067/93.309/78.063
	Pgroup/time/interaction	< 0.001/< 0.001/< 0.001
Postoperative PCIA analgesia was not administered (n = 37)	OG (n = 17)	3.21 ± 0.70	4.29 ± 1.64a	5.93 ± 1.49a,b
	CG (n = 20)	5.55 ± 1.00	5.65 ± 1.46	6.30 ± 1.53
	Fgroup/time/interaction	20.999/15.934/5.697
	Pgroup/time/interaction	< 0.001/< 0.001/0.008

^aP < 0.05 within the group relative to 1 hour postoperatively.

^bP < 0.05 within the group relative to 6 hours postoperatively.

OG: Observation group; CG: Control group; PCIA: Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia.