Self-made double-lumen jejunal tube for bile reinfusion and enteral nutrition after percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study patients, mean ± SD/n (%)

Characteristic	Observation group (n = 60)	Control group (n = 60)	Test statistic	P value
Demographics
Age (years)	58.2 ± 6.5	58.9 ± 7.0	t = 0.40	0.693
Gender (male/female)	34/26	32/28	χ2 = 0.07	0.795
BMI (kg/m2)	23.5 ± 3.0	23.2 ± 2.8	t = 0.42	0.678
Baseline nutritional status
Serum albumin (g/L)	32.1 ± 3.2	31.8 ± 3.5	t = 0.35	0.731
Prealbumin (mg/L)	180 ± 25	178 ± 28	t = 0.30	0.767
Transferrin (mg/L)	2.0 ± 0.3	1.9 ± 0.4	t = 0.98	0.332
Liver function tests
Total bilirubin (μmol/L)	280 ± 50	275 ± 45	t = 0.42	0.674
Direct bilirubin (μmol/L)	180 ± 30	175 ± 35	t = 0.62	0.539
ALT (U/L)	120 ± 20	118 ± 22	t = 0.38	0.703
AST (U/L)	110 ± 18	108 ± 20	t = 0.42	0.677
Disease etiology
Benign biliary disease	30 (50.0)	28 (46.7)	χ2 = 0.07	0.796
Malignant biliary disease	30 (50.0)	32 (53.3)	χ2 = 0.07	0.796
Comorbidities
Hypertension	20 (33.3)	22 (36.7)	χ2 = 0.07	0.786
Diabetes mellitus	16 (26.7)	14 (23.3)	χ2 = 0.09	0.766
Chronic kidney disease	6 (10.0)	4 (6.7)	Fisher’s	1.000

BMI: Body mass index; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase.

Table 2 Nutritional status indicators at different time points, mean ± SD

Indicator	Time point	Observation group (n = 60)	Control group (n = 60)	t-value	P value
Serum albumin (g/L)	Baseline (day 0)	32.1 ± 3.2	31.8 ± 3.5	0.35	0.731
	Postoperative day 7	36.5 ± 2.8	34.2 ± 3.1	3.04	0.005
	Postoperative day 14	39.8 ± 2.5	36.1 ± 3.2	5.01	< 0.001
Prealbumin (mg/L)	Baseline (day 0)	180 ± 25	178 ± 28	0.30	0.767
	Postoperative day 7	215 ± 22	195 ± 26	3.24	0.003
	Postoperative day 14	245 ± 20	210 ± 28	5.67	< 0.001
Transferrin (mg/L)	Baseline (day 0)	2.0 ± 0.3	1.9 ± 0.4	0.98	0.332
	Postoperative day 7	2.4 ± 0.3	2.1 ± 0.4	3.28	0.004
	Postoperative day 14	2.7 ± 0.2	2.3 ± 0.4	4.89	< 0.001

Table 3 Gastrointestinal function recovery indicators, mean ± SD

Indicator	Observation group (n = 60)	Control group (n = 60)	Test statistic	P value
Time to first flatus (hours)	48.3 ± 8.2	68.5 ± 12.3	t = 7.56	< 0.001
Time to first defecation (hours)	72.1 ± 10.5	96.8 ± 15.2	t = 7.32	< 0.001
GI symptom score (0-10)1	3.2 ± 1.1	5.8 ± 1.4	t = 8.12	< 0.001
Time to oral intake (days)	4.2 ± 1.0	6.0 ± 1.5	t = 5.53	< 0.001
Time to full oral diet (days)	6.8 ± 1.2	9.5 ± 1.8	t = 6.80	< 0.001
Bowel sound recovery (hours)	36.5 ± 6.8	54.2 ± 9.1	t = 8.51	< 0.001

¹Gastrointestinal symptom score assessed on postoperative day 5.

GI: Gastrointestinal.

Table 4 Postoperative complications, n (%)

Complication type	Observation group (n = 60)	Control group (n = 60)	χ2/Fisher’s1	P value
PTCD-related
Bile leakage	2 (6.7)	6 (20.0)	χ2 = 4.04	0.045
Catheter dislodgement	1 (3.3)	3 (10.0)	Fisher’s	0.301
Infectious
Drainage site infection	2 (6.7)	5 (16.7)	Fisher’s	0.214
Systemic infection/sepsis	1 (3.3)	4 (13.3)	Fisher’s	0.152
Total infections	3 (10.0)	9 (30.0)	χ2 = 4.32	0.037
Nutrition tube-related
Tube blockage	1 (3.3)	5 (16.7)	Fisher’s	0.035
Tube displacement	0 (0.0)	2 (6.7)	Fisher’s	0.150
Aspiration pneumonia	0 (0.0)	1 (3.3)	Fisher’s	0.313
Other complications
Wound infection	1 (3.3)	4 (13.3)	Fisher’s	0.152
GI bleeding	0 (0.0)	2 (6.7)	Fisher’s	0.150
Electrolyte imbalance	2 (6.7)	6 (20.0)	χ2 = 4.04	0.045
Recurrent jaundice	1 (3.3)	4 (13.3)	Fisher’s	0.152
Overall
Total patients with ≥ 1 event	6 (20.0)	15 (50.0)	χ2 = 5.93	0.015

¹Fisher’s exact test used when expected cell frequency < 5.

PTCD: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage; GI: Gastrointestinal.