Analysis of the efficacy of first hepatic portal blockade in laparoscopic microwave ablation treatment of hepatic vascular tumors

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Apr 27, 2026 (publication date) through Apr 24, 2026

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery

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1948-9366

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastrointest Surg. Apr 27, 2026; 18(4): 113354
Published online Apr 27, 2026. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v18.i4.113354

Table 1 Baseline data comparison: Intervention vs control groups, n (%)/median (interquartile range)

	Before the PSM				After the PSM
Variable	Blocking (n = 87)	Non-blocking (n = 133)	Test statistic	P value	Variable	Blocking (n = 87)	Non-blocking (n = 79)	Test statistic
Age (years), mean ± SD	45.92 ± 9.97	46.54 ± 10.06	t = -0.450	0.653	45.92 ± 9.97	44.77 ± 9.40	t = -0.761	0.448
Gender			χ² = 1.188	0.276			χ² = 0.558	0.455
Male	24 (27.59)	46 (34.59)			26 (32.91)	24 (27.59)
Female	63 (72.41)	87 (65.41)			53 (67.09)	63 (72.41)
Maximum tumor diameter (cm)	6.300 (5.4, 7.3)	6.500 (6.0, 8.0)	-2.742	0.006^a	7.000 (5.0, 7.8)	6.500 (6.0, 8.0)	Z = -1.868	0.062
Number of tumors			5.804	0.016^a			Z = 0.02	0.888
1	42 (48.28)	86 (64.66)			42 (48.28)	39 (49.37)
≥ 2	45 (51.72)	47 (35.34)			45 (51.72)	40 (50.63)
Location			0.203	0.652			Z = 0.611	0.434
Left liver	28 (32.18)	39 (29.32)			28 (32.18)	30 (37.97)
Right liver	59 (67.82)	94 (70.68)			59 (67.82)	49 (62.03)
Adjacent blood vessels (cm)	2.700 (2.1, 3.1)	2.800 (2.3, 3.5)	-2.627	0.009^a	2.700 (2.1, 3.1)	2.600 (2.1, 3.1)	Z = -0.097	0.923
ALT (U/L)	16.000 (12.0, 26.0)	18.000 (12.0, 27.0)	-0.784	0.433	16.000 (12.0, 26.0)	17.000 (11.0, 29.0)	Z = -0.529	0.597
AST (U/L)	18.000 (15.0, 24.0)	19.000 (16.0, 22.5)	-0.907	0.364	18.000 (15.0, 24.0)	19.000 (15.0, 24.0)	Z = -1.039	0.299
TBIL (μmol/L)	10.300 (7.9, 13.1)	11.600 (8.0, 14.9)	-1.431	0.152	10.300 (7.9, 13.1)	11.700 (7.9, 14.9)	Z = -1.358	0.174
IBIL (μmol/L)	7.700 (5.5, 10.1)	8.400 (5.7, 10.6)	-0.79	0.43	7.700 (5.5, 10.1)	7.900 (5.5, 10.4)	Z = -0.22	0.826

^aP < 0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference.

PSM: Propensity score matching; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; TBIL: Total bilirubin; IBIL: Indirect bilirubin.

Full Size Table

Table 2 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of portal vein obstruction

Variable	OR	95%CI	P value
Maximum tumor diameter	1.44	1.160-1.788	0.001^a
Adjacent blood vessels	0.621	0.430-0.897	0.011^a
Number of tumors	1.951	1.098-3.468	0.023^a

^aP < 0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference.

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Full Size Table

Table 3 Comparison of ablation efficiency during the surgery, median (interquartile range)

	Blocking (n = 87)	Non-blocking (n = 79)	Test statistic	P value
Duration of ablation (minute)	7.000 (6.0, 9.0)	11.000 (9.0, 15.0)	Z = -5.689	0.000^a
Number of ablation sessions	3.000 (3.0, 4.0)	4.000 (3.0, 5.0)	Z = -3.649	0.000^a
Bleeding at puncture site (mL)	30.000 (20.0, 50.0)	50.000 (20.0, 100.0)	Z = -3.087	0.002^a
Duration of surgery (minute)	120.000 (100.0, 150.0)	120.000 (90.0, 155.0)	Z = -0.762	0.446
Conversion to open surgery, n (%)			χ² = 12.974	0.000^a
Yes	0 (0.00)	11 (13.92)
No	87 (100.00)	68 (86.08)

^aP < 0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference.

Full Size Table

Table 4 Liver function indicators on postoperative day 1, median (interquartile range)

	Blocking (n = 87)	Non-blocking (n = 79)	Z	P value
ALT (U/L)	206.000 (121.0, 350.0)	259.000 (130.0, 505.0)	-1.593	0.111
AST (U/L)	246.000 (177.0, 474.0)	299.000 (212.0, 570.0)	-1.732	0.083
TBIL (μmol/L)	14.500 (12.1, 20.0)	19.500 (15.3, 29.2)	-4.841	0.000^a
IBIL (μmol/L)	10.600 (8.3, 13.6)	14.400 (10.7, 20.4)	-4.204	0.000^a

^aP < 0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference.

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; TBIL: Total bilirubin; IBIL: Indirect bilirubin.

Full Size Table

Table 5 Liver function indicators on postoperative day 3, median (interquartile range)

	Blocking (n = 87)	Non-blocking (n = 79)	Z	P value
ALT (U/L)	182.000 (85.0, 271.0)	243.000 (126.7, 483.0)	-3.112	0.002^a
AST (U/L)	108.000 (43.0, 193.0)	127.000 (62.0, 196.0)	-1.145	0.252
TBIL (μmol/L)	12.100 (10.4, 14.7)	16.300 (12.6, 22.7)	-4.299	0.000^a
IBIL (μmol/L)	8.600 (6.9, 10.5)	11.300 (8.3, 15.9)	-3.831	0.000^a

^aP < 0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference.

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; TBIL: Total bilirubin; IBIL: Indirect bilirubin.

Full Size Table

Table 6 Comparison of the incidence of postoperative adverse reactions, n (%)

Adverse reaction	Blocking (n = 87)	Non-blocking (n = 79)	Test statistic	P value
Fever			χ² = 2.763	0.096
Yes	7 (8.05)	13 (16.46)
No	80 (91.95)	66 (83.54)
Hemoglobinuria			χ² = 6.944	0.008^a
Yes	3 (3.45)	12 (15.19)
No	84 (96.55)	67 (84.81)
Hemolytic jaundice			χ² = 5.477	0.019^a
Yes	6 (6.90)	15 (18.99)
No	81 (93.10)	64 (81.01)
Acute kidney injury			χ² = 9.256	0.002^a
Yes	0 (0.00)	8 (10.13)
No	87 (100.00)	71 (89.87)
Pulmonary infection			χ² = 1.404	0.236
Yes	8 (9.20)	12 (15.19)
No	79 (90.80)	67 (84.81)
Pleural effusion			χ² = 1.018	0.313
Yes	6 (6.90)	9 (11.39)
No	81 (93.10)	70 (88.61)
Complete ablation			χ² = 0.017	0.896
Yes	69 (79.31)	62 (78.48)
No	18 (20.69)	17 (21.52)
Postoperative hospital stay (days)	6.000 (5.0,7.0)	6.000 (4.0,7.0)	Z = -1.235	0.217

^aP < 0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference.

Full Size Table

Citation: Meng TF, Wang S, Chen C, Deng SK. Analysis of the efficacy of first hepatic portal blockade in laparoscopic microwave ablation treatment of hepatic vascular tumors. World J Gastrointest Surg 2026; 18(4): 113354
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v18/i4/113354.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v18.i4.113354

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