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Mar 27, 2026 (publication date) through Mar 30, 2026
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Publication Name
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery
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1948-9366
Publisher of This Article
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Cohort Study
Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Mar 27, 2026; 18(3): 116602
Published online Mar 27, 2026. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v18.i3.116602
Table 1 Patient characteristics
Characteristic
Total (n = 243)
Sex
Male92 (37.9)
Female151 (62.1)
Age, median (IQR)35 (28,43)
Type of surgery
LSG172 (70.8)
LRYGB71 (29.2)
Pre-op body weight, median (IQR)124 (106.5, 149)
Pre-op height, mean ± SD163.4 ± 9
Pre-op BMI, median (IQR)46.2 (42, 54.2)
Functional health status
Independent239 (98.4)
Partially dependent4 (1.6)
Diabetes mellitus75 (30.9)
Dyslipidemia136 (56)
Metabolic syndrome6 (2.5)
Liver disease25 (10.3)
Hematologic disease9 (3.7)
OSA156 (64.2)
Statin drug used136 (56)
Pre-op cholesterol, median (IQR)184 (161.5, 212)
Pre-op triglyceride, median (IQR)125 (96, 160.5)
Pre-op HDL, median (IQR)41 (35.7, 50.4)
Pre-op LDL, median (IQR)133.9 (38.9)
Pre-op FBS, median (IQR)97 (88, 113.5)
Pre-op insulin, median (IQR)25.9 (16, 37.7)
Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise specified. BMI: Body mass index; FBS: Fasting blood sugar; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; IQR: Interquartile range; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; LRYGB: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; LSG: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy; Pre-op: Preoperative; SD: Standard deviation.
Full Size Table
Table 2 Univariate analysis of risk factors of gallstone diseases after bariatric surgery
Risk factors
Gallstone (n = 47)
No gallstone (n = 196)
P value
Age (year), median (IQR)30 (25, 38.5)36 (29.8, 45)0.005
Sex0.665
Male16 (34)76 (38.8)
Female31 (66)120 (61.2)
Pre-op body weight (kg), median (IQR)136 (116.5, 162.4)122 (105.9, 146)0.013
Pre-op height (cm), mean ± SD162.2 ± 7.1163.7 ± 9.40.304
Pre-op BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR)51.9 (43.7, 59.2)45.7 (41.5, 51.7)0.187
Type of surgery0.131
LSG38 (80.9)134 (68.4)
LRYGB9 (19.1)62 (31.6)
Diabetes mellitus0.481
No35 (74.5)133 (67.9)
Yes12 (25.5)63 (32.1)
Dyslipidemia0.792
No22 (46.8)85 (43.4)
Yes25 (53.2)111 (56.6)
Metabolic syndrome0.6
No47 (100)190 (96.9)
Yes0 (0)6 (3.1)
Liver disease0.592
No41 (87.2)177 (90.3)
Yes6 (12.8)19 (9.7)
Hematologic disease0.381
No44 (93.6)190 (96.9)
Yes3 (6.4)6 (3.1)
OSA0.571
No19 (40.4)68 (34.7)
Yes28 (59.6)128 (65.3)
Statin drug used 0.792
No22 (46.8)85 (43.4)
Yes25 (53.2)111 (56.6)
Pre-op cholesterol, median (IQR)180 (155.5, 206)186.5 (163, 213.2)0.239
Pre-op triglyceride, median (IQR)126 (105.5, 151)124 (95, 168.2)0.798
Pre-op HDL, median (IQR)37.1 (34.3, 42)42 (36.4, 50.8)0.014
Pre-op LDL, median (IQR)133.5 (40.7)134 (38.5)0.934
Pre-op FBS, median (IQR)98 (87.5, 114.5)96 (88.8, 113.2)0.95
Pre-op Insulin, median (IQR)25.6 (19.1, 30.4)25.9 (15.6, 38.6)0.587
Change of BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR)
At 6 months11.9 (9.9, 14.4)11.5 (9.2, 13.6)0.272
At 12months15 (12.3, 20.4)14.2 (11.4, 17.8)0.187
At 24 months, mean ± SD15 ± 5.517.8 ± 8.20.118
Weight loss (kg), median (IQR)
At 6 months31.5 (26.2, 37.6)30.9 (24.2, 37.2)0.504
At 12 months38.8 (31.2, 54.2)39 (30, 49)0.247
At 24 months, mean ± SD46 ± 22.840.2 ± 17.20.271
Weight loss (%), mean ± SD
At 6 months24.7 ± 6.825 ± 5.90.766
At 12 months32.6 ± 8.631.5 ± 7.20.446
At 24 months33.3 ± 10.931.5 ± 10.10.546
Weight loss rate (kg/month), median (IQR)
At 6 months5.2 (4.4, 6.3)5.2 (4, 6.2)0.504
At 12 months3.2 (2.6, 4.5)3.2 (2.5, 4.1)0.247
At 24 months, mean ± SD1.9 ± 11.7 ± 0.70.271
Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise specified. IQR: Interquartile range; BMI: Body mass index; LRYGB: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; LSG: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; FBS: Fasting blood sugar; Pre-op: Preoperative; SD: Standard deviation.
Full Size Table
Table 3 Multivariate analysis of risk factors of gallstone diseases following bariatric surgery
Risk factor
OR (95%CI)
P value
Pre-operative BMI (kg/m2)1.07 (1.02, 1.12)0.004
BMI ≥ 50 kg/m2 vs BMI < 50 kg/m23 (1.26, 7.13) 0.013
Age (year)0.97 (0.93, 1.02) 0.218
Sex
Female vs male1.85 (0.72, 4.74) 0.201
Type of surgery
LRYGB vs LSG1.45 (0.56, 3.77) 0.45
Weight loss at 12 months (%)1.01 (0.95, 1.07) 0.835
Diabetes mellitus: Yes vs no0.78 (0.3, 2.05) 0.613
OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; BMI: Body mass index; LRYGB: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; LSG: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.
Full Size Table
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