Safety and efficacy of three-dimensional reconstruction technology-assisted percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage: A meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of the 15 included studies

Ref.	Sample size 3D/tradition	Age 3D/tradition, mean ± SD	Gender (male/female) 3D tradition	Timing of 3D	Imaging modality	Design
Liu et al[22], 2023	81/73	66.5 ± 10.6/67.9 ± 11.4	46/35, 38/35	Pre-operation and intraoperation	3D of CT and MR	Cohort study
Li et al[10], 2020	42/45	NR	NR	Intraoperation	3D of CT	RCT
Zhou et al[11], 2021	30/30	61.1 ± 5.3/60.3 ± 5.5	20/10, 18/12	Pre-operation	3D of MR	Cohort study
Li et al[23], 2017	63/64	38.73 ± 11.34/35.16 ± 10.65	34/29, 32/32	Intraoperation	3D of ultrasound	Cohort study
Duan et al[12], 2017	50/50	47.6 ± 6.7/46.5 ± 5.4	28/22, 27/23	Intraoperation	3D of ultrasound	RCT
Zhuo et al[13], 2024	32/32	NR	22/10, 21/11	Intraoperation	3D of ultrasound	RCT
Zhou et al[24], 2022	120/60	NR	NR	Pre-operation	3D of CT and MR	Cohort study
Liu et al[14], 2022	30/30	NR	NR	Intraoperation	3D of CT	RCT
Kinoshita et al[15], 2017	12/10	NR	NR	Pre-operation	3D of CT	Cohort study
Wang[16], 2019	52/52	47.34 ± 4.08/47.15 ± 4.16	27/25, 26/26	Pre-operation and intraoperation	3D of ultrasound and CT	Cohort study
Huang et al[17], 2016	60/60	48.6 ± 5.2/47.5 ± 6.8	28/32, 31/29	Pre-operation and intraoperation	3D of ultrasound and CT	RCT
Huang et al[18], 2016	40/40	63.45 ± 3.62/62.97 ± 3.59	21/19, 22/18	Intraoperation	3D of ultrasound	RCT
Huang et al[19], 2020	30/30	51.95 ± 17.58/51.67 ± 17.35	22/8, 21/9	Intraoperation	3D of ultrasound	RCT
Chen et al[20], 2020	80/80	NR	46/34, 45/35	Pre-operation and intraoperation	3D of ultrasound and CT	RCT
Yang et al[21], 2023	20/36	66.5 ± 12.4/62.4 ± 10.9	9/11, 23/13	Pre-operation and intraoperation	3D of ultrasound and CT	Cohort study

3D: Three-dimensional; CT: Computerized tomography; NR: Not reported; MR: Magnetic resonance; RCT: Randomized controlled trial.

Table 2 Article quality assessment by Newcastle-Ottawa Scale: Cohort study

Ref.	Representativeness of the exposed cohort (1)	Selection of the non-exposed cohort (1)	Ascertainment of exposure (1)	Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study	Compare ability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis (2)	Assessment of outcome (1)	Was follow up long enough for outcomes to occur (1)	Adequacy of follow up of cohorts (1)	Total
Liu et al[22], 2023	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	9
Zhou et al[11], 2021	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	9
Li et al[10], 2020	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	9
Zhou et al[24], 2022	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	8
Wang[16], 2019	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	9
Yang et al[21], 2023	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	8
Kinoshita et al[15], 2017	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	7