Application of a glasses-free 3D laparoscopic system in radical gastrointestinal cancer surgery

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients who underwent laparoscopic radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer, n (%)

Characteristic	Naked-eye 3D group (n = 52)	Glass 3D group (n = 16)	P value
Operation time (minute)	180 ± 20	185 ± 25	0.23
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)	150 ± 30	160 ± 40	0.45
Age (year)	62 ± 8	63 ± 9	0.78
Gender
Male	22 (64.7)	23 (67.6)	0.80
Female	12 (35.3)	11 (32.4)
Tumor location
Upper gastric	8 (23.5)	9 (26.5)	0.85
Middle gastric	14 (41.2)	13 (38.2)
Lower gastric	12 (35.3)	12 (35.3)
Tumor size (cm)	4.5 ± 1.2	4.6 ± 1.3	0.70
Tumor stage
Stage I	10 (29.4)	11 (32.4)	0.85
Stage II	15 (44.1)	14 (41.2)
Stage III	9 (26.5)	9 (26.5)

Table 2 Surgical and postoperative recovery status of patients in the naked eye 3D gastric cancer group and glass 3D gastric cancer group

Characteristic	Naked-eye 3D gastric cancer group (n = 16)	Glass 3D gastric cancer group (n = 52)	P value
Surgical methods
Distal gastrectomy	11	31	> 0.05
Total gastrectomy	5	21	> 0.05
Surgical time (minute)	195 (169, 214)	196 (173, 222)	> 0.05
Intraoperative bleeding volume (mL)	20 (10, 90)	40 (20, 100)	> 0.05
Postoperative first anal exhaust time (day)	2 (2, 3)	2 (2, 3)	> 0.05
Time of first postoperative intake of semiliquid food (day)	6 (5.7)	6 (5.6)	> 0.05
Postoperative hospitalization time (day)	10 (9, 14)	11 (9, 14)	> 0.05
Lymph node dissection number	24 (20, 28)	25 (22, 29)	> 0.05
Postoperative complications, n (%)	3 (18.8)	8 (15.4)	> 0.05
Postoperative pain score (VAS)	3.5 (2, 4)	3.8 (3, 5)	> 0.05
Postoperative quality of life score	75 (70, 80)	76 (72, 81)	> 0.05

VAS: Visual analogue scale.

Table 3 Pathological examination results of patients in the naked eye 3D gastric cancer group and glass 3D gastric cancer group

Characteristic	Naked-eye 3D gastric cancer group (n = 16)	Glass 3D gastric cancer group (n = 52)	P value
Tumor diameter (cm)	3.0 (2.0, 5.0)	3.5 (2.0, 6.0)	> 0.05
Tumor T staging			> 0.05
T1	5	13
T2	3	10
T3	1	4
T4	7	25
Vascular invasion			> 0.05
No	8	33
Yes	8	19
Neurological invasion			> 0.05
No	11	29
Yes	5	23
Cancer nodules			> 0.05
No	14	50
Yes	2	2
Tumor N staging			> 0.05
N0	2	26
N1	3	6
N2	2	7
N3	4	13
Positive number of lymph nodes	6 (1, 15)	1 (0, 7)	< 0.05
Total number of lymph node dissection	28 (22, 43)	29 (21, 39)	> 0.05
Clinical staging of TNM			> 0.05
Phase I	4	21
Phase II	3	10
Phase III	9	20
Phase IV	0	1

TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis.

Table 4 Patients with colorectal cancer who underwent surgery

Characteristic	Naked-eye 3D colorectal cancer group (n = 19)	Glass 3D colorectal cancer group (n = 78)	P value
Surgical methods			> 0.05
Radical surgery for colon cancer	7	40
Radical resection of rectal cancer	12	38
Surgical time (minute)	132 (97, 156)	124 (110, 159)	> 0.05
Intraoperative bleeding volume (mL)	20 (10, 50)	25 (15, 65)	> 0.05
Postoperative first anal exhaust time (day)	2 (1.3)	2 (1, 3)	> 0.05
Time of first postoperative intake of semiliquid food (day)	5 (5, 6)	5 (4, 6)	> 0.05
Postoperative hospitalization time (day)	8 (7, 10)	8 (6, 10)	> 0.05
Lymph node dissection number	18 (15, 22)	20 (17, 25)	> 0.05
Postoperative complications, n (%)	4 (21.1)	16 (20.5)	> 0.05
Postoperative pain score (VAS)	3.2 (2, 4)	3.0 (2, 3)	> 0.05
Postoperative quality of life score	70 (65, 75)	72 (68, 76)	> 0.05
Postoperative chemotherapy initiation time (day)	21 (18, 24)	22 (19, 25)	> 0.05
Postoperative wound healing time (day)	7 (6, 8)	7 (5, 9)	> 0.05

VAS: Visual analogue scale.

Table 5 Postoperative pathological examination of patients with colorectal cancer

Characteristic	Naked-eye 3D gastric cancer group (n = 19)	Glass 3D gastric cancer group (n = 78)	P value
Tumor diameter (cm)	5.0 (3.0, 6.0)	4.0 (3.0, 5.0)	> 0.05
Tumor T staging			> 0.05
T1	3	7
T2	2	16
T3	7	43
T4	7	12
Vascular invasion			> 0.05
No	16	64
Yes	3	14
Neurological invasion			> 0.05
No	17	66
Yes	2	12
Cancer nodules			> 0.05
No	18	71
Yes	1	7
Tumor N staging			> 0.05
N0	8	46
N1-N2	11	32
Positive number of lymph nodes	0 (0, 4)	0 (0, 1)	> 0.05
Total number of lymph node dissection	17 (14, 23)	16 (13, 19)	> 0.05
Number of qualified lymph node dissection			> 0.05
Yes	18	74
No	1	4
Clinical staging of TNM			> 0.05
Phase I	2	14
Phase II	3	17
Phase III	12	40

TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis.

Table 6 Surgical outcomes and safety profile, n (%)

Characteristic	Naked-eye 3D group (n = 35)	Glasses 3D group (n = 130)	P value
Operative time (minute)	165 (135, 205)	155 (125, 185)	< 0.05
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)	30 (15, 70)	20 (10, 50)	< 0.05
Conversion to open surgery	0 (0)	0 (0)
30-day mortality	0 (0)	0 (0)
30-day reoperation	0 (0)	0 (0)
Complication rate	8 (22.9)	15 (11.5)	< 0.05
Postoperative first anal exhaust time (day)	2.5 (2, 3)	2 (1, 3)	< 0.05
Time of first postoperative intake of semiliquid food (day)	5.5 (5, 7)	5 (4, 6)	< 0.05
Postoperative hospitalization time (day)	9 (8, 11)	8 (7, 9)	< 0.05
Lymph node dissection number	17 (14, 20)	21 (18, 24)	< 0.05
Positive number of lymph nodes	2 (0, 5)	1 (0, 3)	< 0.05
Total number of lymph node dissection	16 (13, 19)	18 (15, 22)	< 0.05
Number of qualified lymph node dissection	32 (91.4)	126 (96.9)	< 0.05

Table 7 Comparison of clinical outcomes between visualization systems, n (%)

Characteristic	Naked-eye 3D group (n = 35)	Glasses 3D group (n = 130)	P value
Postoperative infection rate	12.9% (4/31)	11.5% (15/130)	> 0.05
Wound infection	2 (5.7)	2 (1.5)	< 0.05
Urinary tract infection	2 (5.7)	3 (2.3)	> 0.05
Pulmonary infection	1 (2.9)	1 (0.8)	> 0.05
Anastomotic leak	1 (2.9)	3 (2.3)	> 0.05
Postoperative fever (≥ 38 °C)	8 (22.9)	5 (3.8)	< 0.05
C-reactive protein levels (mg/L)	7.5 (5.0, 10.0)	6.0 (4.0, 8.0)	< 0.05
White blood cell count (× 109/L)	10.5 (9.0, 12.0)	9.5 (8.0, 11.0)	< 0.05
Postoperative pain score (VAS)	3.5 (2, 4)	2.5 (2, 3)	< 0.05
Pain management satisfaction	3.0 (2.5, 3.5)	3.5 (3.0, 4.0)	< 0.05
Postoperative nutritional status (SGA)	2.8 (2.0, 3.0)	2.2 (1.5, 2.5)	< 0.05
6-minute walk test distance (m)	350 (300, 400)	400 (350, 450)	< 0.05

VAS: Visual analogue scale; SGA: Subjective global assessment.