Innovations and trends in hepatobiliary surgery education: Embracing technological advancements for enhanced surgical training

Table 1 Summary of technological innovations and their impact on hepatobiliary surgery education

Technology	Key findings	Impact on surgical education
3D modeling and printing	Improves anatomical understanding and visualization. Enhances preoperative planning and allows for interaction with anatomical structures	Provides detailed spatial understanding and aids in surgical planning, leading to better patient outcomes and reduced surgical complications
Virtual reality	Offers immersive, high-fidelity simulations of complex surgeries like liver resections and robotic surgeries	Improves procedural skills, decision-making, and overall surgical competence by providing repeated practice in a risk-free environment
Augmented reality	Enhances intraoperative experience by overlaying digital images or 3D anatomical data on the real surgical field	Enhances visualization, improves decision-making, and reduces errors, particularly in minimally invasive surgeries
Artificial intelligence	Provides real-time feedback and autonomous mentoring. Offers objective performance assessment during simulations	Improves learning efficiency by offering personalized training and identifying areas for improvement in real-time
Haptic feedback	Simulates the tactile sensations of real surgery, such as tissue resistance and pressure during procedures like liver transections	Enhances motor skills and hand-eye coordination, which are essential for performing delicate surgeries with precision

3D: Three-dimensional.