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©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Mar 27, 2024; 16(3): 768-776
Published online Mar 27, 2024. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v16.i3.768
Published online Mar 27, 2024. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v16.i3.768
Table 1 Demographic, clinical characteristics, and descriptive statistics of patients who underwent resection for metastatic neuroendocrine tumors to the liver who were included in the study and were used to assess determinants of adverse outcomes (n = 966), n (%)
| Characteristics | Overall number (%) | Surgery only, n = 668 (69.2%) | Surgery + ablation treatment, n = 298 (30.8%) | P value |
| Male | 475 (49.2) | 319 (47.8) | 156 (52.4) | 0.19 |
| Age | 59.7 ± 11.22 | 59.8 (11.5) | 59.7 (10.7) | 0.95 |
| BMI | 28.8 ± 6.22 | 28.5 (6.2) | 29.4 (6.3) | 0.0336 |
| Race | < 0.0011 | |||
| White | 687 (71.1) | 444 (66.5) | 243 (81.5) | |
| Black/African American | 82 (8.5) | 55 (8.2) | 27 (9.1) | |
| Other | 36 (3.7) | 32 (4.8) | 4 (1.3) | |
| Unknown | 161 (16.7) | 137 (20.5) | 24 (8.1) | |
| Ethnicity | < 0.0011 | |||
| Hispanic | 36 (3.7) | 27 (4.0) | 9 (3.0) | |
| Not hispanic | 787 (81.5) | 518 (77.5) | 269 (90.3) | |
| Unknown | 143 (14.8) | 123 (18.4) | 20 (6.7) | |
| Wound class | 0.025 | |||
| I | 104 (10.8) | 80 (12.0) | 24 (8.1) | |
| II | 810 (83.9) | 546 (81.7) | 264 (88.6) | |
| III/IV | 52 (5.4) | 42 (6.3) | 10 (3.4) | |
| Diabetes | 171 (17.7) | 120 (18.0) | 51 (17.1) | 0.75 |
| Steroid use | 36 (3.7) | 23 (3.4) | 13 (4.4) | 0.49 |
| Serum albumin | 17.6 ± 18.42 | |||
| Operative approach | 0.0151 | |||
| Minimally invasive | 134 (13.9) | 107 (16.0) | 27 (9.1) | |
| Unplanned open | 36 (3.7) | 24 (3.6) | 12 (4.0) | |
| Planned open | 795 (82.4) | 536 (80.4) | 259 (86.9) | |
| Operative time | 243.98 ± 101.22 | 238.9 (102.9) | 255.4 (96.4) | 0.0191 |
| Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy | 0.83 | |||
| None | 777 (80.4) | 539 (80.7) | 238 (79.9) | |
| Systemic | 83 (8.6) | 55 (8.2) | 28 (9.4) | |
| Other | 106 (11.0) | 74 (11.1) | 32 (10.7) | |
| Number of Metastasis | < 0.0011 | |||
| 1-2 | 459 (50.4) | 388 (61.9) | 71 (25.0) | |
| 3-4 | 182 (20.0) | 113 (18.0) | 69 (24.3) | |
| 5-6 | 85 (9.3) | 42 (6.7) | 43 (15.1) | |
| 7-8 | 63 (6.9) | 25 (4.0) | 38 (13.4) | |
| > 8 | 122 (13.4) | 59 (9.4) | 63 (22.2) | |
| Size of lesion | < 0.0011 | |||
| < 2 cm | 249 (26.9) | 166 (26.0) | 83 (29.0) | |
| 2-5 cm | 410 (44.3) | 263 (41.2) | 147 (51.4) | |
| > 5 cm | 266 (28.8) | 210 (32.9) | 56 (19.6) | |
| Extent of Resection | < 0.0011 | |||
| Total right lobectomy | 120 (12.4) | 105 (15.8) | 15 (5.0) | |
| Total left lobectomy | 67 (6.9) | 50 (7.5) | 17 (5.7) | |
| Trisegmentectomy | 58 (6.0) | 47 (7.0) | 11 (3.7) | |
| Partial lobectomy | 721 (74.6) | 466 (69.8) | 255 (85.6) |
Table 2 Outcomes of patients treated for metastatic neuroendocrine tumors to the liver (n = 966), n (%)
| Outcome | Surgical treatment only, n = 668 (69.2%) | Surgery + ablation treatment, n = 298 (30.8%) | P value |
| Death | 7 (1.1) | 3 (1.0) | 1.00 |
| Significant bleed | 117 (17.5) | 33 (11.1) | 0.0111 |
| Bile leak | 41 (6.2) | 14 (4.8) | 0.38 |
| Myocardial infarction | 3 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | 1.00 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 11 (1.7) | 4 (1.3) | 1.00 |
| Pneumonia | 17 (2.5) | 8 (2.7) | 0.90 |
| Sepsis | 21 (3.1) | 16 (5.4) | 0.096 |
| Liver failure | 23 (3.4) | 4 (1.3) | 0.089 |
| Return to operating room | 24 (3.6) | 7 (2.4) | 0.31 |
| Readmission | 73 (10.9) | 34 (11.4) | 0.83 |
| Surgical site infection | |||
| Superficial | 27 (4.0) | 10 (3.4) | 0.61 |
| Deep incisional | 4 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | 1.00 |
| Organ space | 48 (7.2) | 30 (10.1) | 0.13 |
| Wound | 4 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | 1.00 |
| Any | 78 (11.7) | 39 (13.1) | 0.54 |
- Citation: Ostapenko A, Stroever S, Eyasu L, Kim M, Aploks K, Dong XD, Seshadri R. Role of ablation therapy in conjunction with surgical resection for neuroendocrine tumors involving the liver. World J Gastrointest Surg 2024; 16(3): 768-776
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v16/i3/768.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v16.i3.768