Effects and mechanisms of nutritional interventions on extradigestive complications in obese patients

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the control and intervention groups (mean ± SE)

Variant	Control group (n = 110)	Intervention group (n = 110)	P value
Age (yr)	28-63 (51.2 ± 1.3)	36-68 (52.4 ± 1.0)	0.488
Sex [cases (%)]
Males	25 (22.73)	27 (24.55)	0.605
Females	85 (77.27)	83 (75.45)
Weight (kg)	67.7 ± 1.7	69.2 ± 1.6	0.526
Height (cm)	170.7 ± 1.4	172.4 ± 1.3	0.385
BMI (kg/m2)	25.1 ± 0.4	25.1 ± 0.4	0.959
SBP (mmHg)	141.4 ± 1.4	141.9 ± 1.4	0.788
DBP (mmHg)	89.7 ± 1.5	89.5 ± 1.7	0.913
MDA (nmol/L)	4.24 ± 1.7	4.74 ± 1.5	0.196
GSH (μmol/L)	7.95 ± 3.2	6.93 ± 3.4	0.251
SOD (U/mL)	74.21 ± 12.3	67.66 ± 13.4	0.051
Heart rate (time/min)	78.1 ± 1.6	78.9 ± 1.3	0.693
1Educational level	3:16:16	4:18:14	0.827
2Monthly household income	8:14:13	6:15:15	0.799

¹University/undergraduate and above: High school/junior high school: primary school and below.

²$20,000 and above: $10,000 to $20,000:$10,000 and below. BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; MDA: Mobile device assistant; GSH: Glutathione; SOD: Superoxide dismutase.

Table 2 Post-intervention changes in the blood pressure between the intervention and control groups (mean ± SE)

Norm	Control subjects		Intervention group	P value
DBP (mmHg)	Start of intervention	86.4 ± 1.4	83.9 ± 1.7	0.241
	End of intervention	82.8 ± 1.6	76.6 ± 1.6	0.007
	Amount of change before and after intervention	3.6 ± 1.1	7.3 ± 1.1	0.000
SBP (mmHg)	Start of intervention	137.3 ± 1.4	133.2 ± 1.1	0.021
	End of intervention	131.1 ± 1.6	116.3 ± 1.5	0.000
	Amount of change before and after intervention	6.2 ± 2.0	16.9 ± 1.4	0.022

SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure.

Table 3 Nutrient intake in the control and intervention groups (mean ± SE)

Original proposal	Control subjects	Intervention group	P value
Energy (kcal)	2033.74 ± 19.45	1953.01 ± 18.55	0.036
Fat (g)	94.21 ± 1.13	50.79 ± 0.75	0.001
Protein (g)	76.42 ± 0.97	97.72 ± 0.89	0.017
Carbohydrates (g)	226.79 ± 3.29	275.03 ± 4.21	0.029
Dietary fiber (g)	10.28 ± 0.11	25.22 ± 1.59	0.005
Cholesterol (mg)	554.96 ± 3.84	473.30 ± 7.33	0.012
SFA (g)	47.58 ± 1.21	27.83 ± 0.28	0.006
MUFA (g)	29.5 ± 0.37	12.44 ± 0.10	0.001
PUFA (g)	20.20 ± 0.21	12.34 ± 0.28	0.013
Sodium (mg)	4347.28 ± 46.34	2284.86 ± 12.43	0.001
Potassium (mg)	1663.15 ± 11.14	3088.78 ± 67.37	0.001
Calcium (mg)	483.84 ± 14.09	864.32 ± 21.60	0.001
Magnesium (mg)	259.97 ± 2.28	479.05 ± 14.12	0.014

SFA: Saturated fatty acid; MUFA: Modulation of fatty acid; PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acid.

Table 4 Comparison of the levels of oxidative stress indicators between the intervention and control groups (mean ± SE)

Norm	Control subjects		Intervention group	P value
ALT (nmol/L)	End of intervention	115.29 ± 1.2	63.94 ± 1.4	0.001
	Amount of change before and after intervention	21.25 ± 0.2	20.6 ± 0.1	0.015
AST (μmol/L)	End of intervention	157.15 ± 3.5	59.00 ± 2.8	0.017
	Amount of change before and after intervention	20.6 ± 0.2	22.17 ± 0.1	0.021

ALT: Alanine transaminas; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase.

Table 5 Logistic multifactorial regression analysis of factors affecting the occurrence of extradigestive complications in patients with obesity

Variables	β-value	SE value	Wald value	P value	OR value	95%CI
History of hypertension	1.296	0.421	9.470	0.002	3.654	1.601-8.343
TC high	0.226	0.138	2.685	0.101	1.254	0.957-1.643
TG high	0.305	0.211	2.091	0.148	1.356	0.897-2.051
HDL-C high	-0.247	0.123	4.002	0.045	0.781	0.613-0.995
LDL-C high	0.909	0.254	12.787	< 0.001	2.481	1.508-4.085
PECAM-1 high	0.070	0.019	12.930	< 0.001	1.073	1.032-1.114
GDF11 high	-0.008	0.003	9.199	0.002	0.992	0.987-0.997
FGF21 high	0.024	0.007	13.062	< 0.001	1.024	1.011-1.038

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidenceinterval; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triacylglycerol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholestero; PECAM-1: Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1; GDF11: Growth differentiation factor 11; FGF21: Fibroblast growth factor 21.

Table 6 Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of the serum levels of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, growth differentiation factor 11, and fibroblast growth factor 21 in predicting the occurrence of extradigestive complications in patients with obesity

Indicators	Cut-of value	AUC (95%CI)	Sensitivity	Specificity	Jordon index
PECAM-1	40 μg/L	0.798 (0.595-0.974)	0.824	0.744	0.568
GDF11	650 μg/L	0.716 (0.509 -0.929)	0.716	0.733	0.449
FGF21	160 ng/L	0.813 (0.671-0.940)	0.811	0.791	0.602
Tripartite		0.909 (0.850-0.958)	0.919	0.884	0.803

AUC: Area under the curve; CI: Confidenceinterval; PECAM-1: Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1; GDF11: Growth differentiation factor 11; FGF21: Fibroblast growth factor 21.