Application value of mixed reality in hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 The clinical characteristic of 95 patients

Characteristic	Patient (n = 95)		P value
	Group A (n = 37)	Group B (n = 58)
Age (yr), n (%)	57.62 ± 9.16	60.22 ± 9.19	0.819
Sex (female/male), n (%)	13/24	15/43	0.334
BMI	23.91 ± 3.66	23.82 ± 3.42	0.471
History of abdominal surgery (yes/no), n (%)	9/28	11/47	0.532
Tumor size (cm)	5.52 ± 1.95	5.20 ± 1.88	0.428
Tumor number, n (%)			0.948
1	24 (64.86)	38 (65.52)
≥ 2	13 (35.14)	20 (34.48)
Tumor location, n (%)			0.637
Right lobe	17 (45.95)	23 (39.66)
Left lobe	14 (37.84)	21 (36.21)
Bilateral lobes	6 (16.22)	14 (24.14)
Liver cirrhosis (yes/no), n (%)	31/6	51/7	0.566
HBV infection (yes/no), n (%)	29/8	44/14	0.777
AFP, n (%)			0.532
< 400 (ng/mL)	28 (75.68)	47 (81.03)
≥ 400 (ng/mL)	9 (24.32)	11 (18.97)
Liver function, n (%)			1.000
Child-Pugh A	34 (91.89)	54 (93.10)
Child-Pugh B	3 (8.11)	4 (6.90)
Preoperative lab examination
ALB (g/L)	41.38 ± 5.75	40.89 ± 5.30	0.675
TBIL (μmol/L)	12.75 ± 3.57	13.88 ± 4.87	0.198
PT (s)	12.39 ± 1.27	12.18 ± 1.19	0.424
ALT (U/L)	27.87 ± 9.69	29.58 ± 12.12	0.469
AST (U/L)	30.56 ± 10.25	33.42 ± 11.72	0.229

BMI: Body mass index; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; AFP: Alpha fetoprotein; ALB: Albumin; TBIL: Total bilirubin; PT: Prothrombin time; ALT: Alanine aminotransferas; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase.

Table 2 Surgical characteristics and surgical outcomes

Variable	Group A (n = 37)	Group B (n = 58)	P value
Surgical procedure, n (%)
Extended left hepatectomy1	4 (10.81)	7 (12.07)	1.000
Extended right hepatectomy2	2 (5.41)	5 (8.62)	0.855
Left hepatectomy	8 (21.62)	12 (20.69)	0.913
Right hepatectomy	5 (13.51)	8 (13.79)	0.969
Sectionectomy	8 (21.62)	9 (15.52)	0.449
Segmentectomy	7 (18.92)	8 (13.79)	0.505
Partial resection	3 (8.11)	9 (15.52)	0.457
Operative time (min)	202.86 ± 46.02	229.52 ± 57.13	0.003
Volume of bleeding (mL)	329.29 ± 97.31	398.23 ± 159.61	0.010
Pringle maneuver (yes/no), n (%)	14/23	31/27	0.148
Obstructive time of portal vein (min)	17.71 ± 4.16	21.58 ± 5.24	0.019

¹Includes left trisectionectomy.

²Includes right trisectionectomy.

Table 3 Postoperative results

Variable	Group A (n = 37)	Group B (n = 58)	P value
ALT at postoperative day 3 (U/L)	119.74 ± 29.08	135.53 ± 36.68	0.029
AST at postoperative day 3 (U/L)	106.20 ± 20.99	110.91 ± 24.99	0.343
ALB at postoperative day 3 (g/L)	33.60 ± 3.21	31.80 ± 3.51	0.014
TB at postoperative day 3 (μmol/L)	43.07 ± 8.60	44.33 ± 11.04	0.557
Perioperative complications, n (%)
Perioperative mortality	0 (0)	1 (1.72)	1.000
Hepatic failure	0 (0)	2 (3.45)	0.519
Abdominal bleeding	1 (2.70)	2 (3.45)	1.000
Bile leakage	0 (0)	2 (3.45)	0.519
Abdominal infection	1 (2.70)	3 (5.17)	0.952
Pleural effusion	2 (5.41)	6 (10.34)	0.641
Pulmonary infection	1 (2.70)	3 (5.17)	0.952
Wound infection	2 (5.41)	4 (6.90)	1.000
Total complications	7 (18.92)	23 (39.66)	0.034
CDC, n (%)			0.339
0-2	35 (94.59)	50 (86.21)
≥ 3	2 (5.41)	8 (13.79)
Hospitalization days (d)	12.05 ± 4.04	13.78 ± 4.13	0.049

ALT: Alanine aminotransferas; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALB: Albumin; TB: Total bilirubin; CDC: Clavien-Dindo classification.