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Randomized Controlled Trial
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Nov 27, 2025; 17(11): 109869
Published online Nov 27, 2025. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v17.i11.109869
Figure 1
Figure 1 Resuscitation goal-directed fluid protocol. RLS: Ringer’s lactate solution; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen.
Figure 2
Figure 2  Participant flowchart.