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©The Author(s) 2026. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Jan 27, 2026; 18(1): 114574
Published online Jan 27, 2026. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v18.i1.114574
Published online Jan 27, 2026. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v18.i1.114574
Very early recurrence in pancreatic cancer: Redefining prognostic markers and surveillance strategies
Riya Karmakar, Hsiang-Chen Wang, Arvind Mukundan, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
Riya Karmakar, Arvind Mukundan, School of Engineering and Technology, Sanjivani University, Sanjivani Factory, Kopargaon 423603, Mahārāshtra, India
Pratham Gade, Department of Information Technology, Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon 423603, Mahārāshtra, India
Co-first authors: Riya Karmakar and Pratham Gade.
Co-corresponding authors: Hsiang-Chen Wang and Arvind Mukundan.
Author contributions: Karmakar R and Gade P contributed to investigation and software; Karmakar R, Gade P, Wang HC, and Mukundan A contributed to conceptualization, review and editing; Gade P wrote the original draft; Wang HC and Mukundan A contributed to formal analysis and project administration; Wang HC contributed to supervision; Karmakar R and Wang HC contributed equally to the manuscript as co-first g authors; Mukundan A and Gade P made equal contributions as co-correspond in authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Arvind Mukundan, PhD, Assistant Professor, Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, No. 168 University Road, Min Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan. arvindmukund96@gmail.com
Received: September 23, 2025
Revised: October 6, 2025
Accepted: October 24, 2025
Published online: January 27, 2026
Processing time: 120 Days and 16.5 Hours
Revised: October 6, 2025
Accepted: October 24, 2025
Published online: January 27, 2026
Processing time: 120 Days and 16.5 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Very early recurrence within 12 weeks of pancreatic cancer surgery represents surgical failure with outcome similar to palliative care. poorly separated (grade 3) tumors, pancreatic head location, and elevated red cell distribution width are emerged as key indicators. Machine learning optimized models integrated carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and S100 calcium binding protein A2 biomarkers offer precision medicine possibility, but implementation faces continuous socioeconomic obstacles requiring healthcare system transformation and collaborative international efforts.