• atrium
• ectopic
• gallbladder
• liver
• mimic
• neoplasia

• congenital anomalies of the liver
• ectopic hepatic tissue
• gallbladder removal
• laparoscpic surgery
• minimally invasive laparoscopy

• Anatomy
• Gallbladder
• Inflammation
• Neoplasm

• Humans
• Diagnostic Imaging/methods
• Gallbladder/diagnostic imaging
• Gallbladder/abnormalities
• Gallbladder Diseases/diagnostic imaging

• Anatomic Variation
• Radiology

• Humans
• Female
• Diagnosis, Differential
• Liver/diagnostic imaging
• Liver/abnormalities
• Liver/pathology
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Adult
• Ultrasonography
• Choristoma/diagnosis
• Choristoma/diagnostic imaging
• Contrast Media
• Gadolinium DTPA

• cholecystitis
• ectopic liver tissue
• sickle cell disease
• steatohepatitis

• Humans
• Choristoma/pathology
• Choristoma/diagnosis
• Choristoma/surgery
• Liver/pathology
• Female
• Gallbladder Diseases/pathology
• Gallbladder Diseases/diagnosis
• Gallbladder Diseases/surgery
• Middle Aged
• Male
• Adult
• Incidental Findings
• Gallbladder/pathology
• Gallbladder/surgery
• Gallbladder/abnormalities
• Cholecystectomy
• Anemia, Sickle Cell/complications
• Anemia, Sickle Cell/diagnosis
• Anemia, Sickle Cell/pathology

• accessory liver
• cholecystectomy
• ectopic liver
• gallbladder
• liver tissue

• Case report
• Ectopic liver tissue
• Gallbladder
• Hepatocellular carcinoma
• Laparoscopy cholecystectomy

• Alpha-fetoprotein
• Ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma
• Extrahepatic costal metastases
• Hepatocellular carcinoma
• Infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma
• Spontaneous regression

• anomaly
• autopsy
• ectopic liver lobe
• liver development
• portal venopathy

• ectopic HCC
• hepatocellular carcinoma

• Case report
• Diaphragmatic involvement
• Ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma
• Inferior phrenic artery
• Isolated tumor
• Left subphrenic tumor

• adrenal infiltration
• case report
• ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma
• endocrine function
• retroperitoneal tumor

• Gastroenterology
• Gastrointestinal surgery
• Liver disease

• Abdomen
• Gallbladder/diagnostic imaging
• Gallbladder/surgery
• Gallbladder Diseases/diagnostic imaging
• Gallbladder Diseases/surgery
• Humans
• Liver/diagnostic imaging
• Liver Diseases

Findings of ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma (EHCC) have been rarely documented. Complicated clinical features and unpredictable medical prognosis make diagnosis and treatment difficult.

We reported a 59-year-old male patient who came to the hospital with epigastric discomfort and regurgitation of gastric acid. An enhanced CT scan revealed a 1.8 cm × 1.4 cm mass in the tail of pancreas without any positive finding in the liver. Postoperative MRI scan was performed but did not reveal any evidence of hepatic tumor. The tumor was resected in toto. Meanwhile, a 1 cm × 1 cm mass in the body of the stomach was found that was removed simultaneously. Histopathology showed that the pancreatic tumor was ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma (EHCC), and that the gastric nodule was gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). The patient had an uneventful postoperative recovery. He has been living without recurrence for over 7 years since surgery. Owing to our knowledge, this is the second-longest disease-free survival time for EHCC in the literature.

Here, we present a rare case of EHCC in the pancreas, and review the current literature on EHCC. Operation was an effective treatment for patients with curable EHCC. EHCC with metastasis still needs more practice to improve the poor prognosis.

Extrahepatic liver (EL) rests are rare, with a reported annual incidence of 0.24–0.47. While reports often note EL incidentally found on pathologic specimens of aberrant tissue, there has been a case report of hepatocellular carcinoma arising from one of these rests, highlighting the importance of surgical resection. EL has been reported to cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, intraperitoneal bleeding and compression of adjacent organs. Most commonly, it has been identified in the gallbladder, likely due to proximity of the gallbladder to the native liver. The paucity of diagnostic tests makes the preoperative diagnosis challenging. We present a case of a 12-year-old female presenting with severe epigastric pain secondary to incapsulated EL tissue attached to the stomach via a narrow stalk. By describing this case, we hope to improve the diagnosis and management of abdominal masses with unclear etiology.

Patient: Male, 47-year-old

Final Diagnosis: Ectopic liver

Symptoms: Right upper quadrant pain

Medication:—

Clinical Procedure: —

Specialty: Surgery

Ectopic hepatic tissue is an extremely rare developmental abnormality in human beings. Although this lesion is likewise rare in veterinary medicine and there were sparse reports in several species such as dogs, cats, cows, and calves, we incidentally encountered ectopic hepatic tissue in a guinea pig. In the case of guinea pigs, we report for the first time the occurrence of ectopic hepatic tissue implanted in the gallbladder. The healthy guinea pig remained asymptomatic, and its macroscopic findings also showed no abnormalities. Hematological examinations exhibited moderate decreases in white cell counts, hemoglobin concentrations, and packed cell volume ratio. Serum biochemical examinations showed decreases in total protein and albumin and increases in glucose levels, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. There were slight changes in electrolytes (Cl, Ca, and Mg) and inorganic phosphorus, indicating minor deviations from physiologic ranges. An increase in TBIL concentrations was not found in this examination. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of normal hepatic structures (hepatocytes and hepatic cords) within the wall of the normal gallbladder. The vascular and bile duct structures and portal triads were not observed in the ectopic hepatic tissue. In conclusion, this microectopic hepatic tissue in a guinea pig was characterized by the embedded structures of hepatic tissues, without foreign body reaction.

Liver tissue situated outside the liver with a hepatic connection is usually called an accessory liver, and that without a connection to the mother liver, is called ectopic liver tissue.

To identify studies in the literature on ectopic liver tissue located on the gallbladder surface or mesentery.

We present two patients and review published articles on ectopic liver tissue located on the gallbladder surface accessed via PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Google databases. Keywords used included accessory liver lobe, aberrant liver tissue, ectopic liver tissue, ectopic liver nodule, heterotopic liver tissue, hepatic choristoma, heterotopic liver tissue on the gallbladder, and ectopic liver tissue on the gallbladder. The search included articles published before June 2020 with no language restriction. Letters to the editor, case reports, review articles, original articles, and meeting presentations were included in the search. Articles or abstracts containing adequate information on age, sex, history of liver disease, preliminary diagnosis, radiologic tools, lesion size, surgical indication, surgical procedure, and histopathological features of ectopic liver tissue were included in the study.

A total of 72 articles involving 91 cases of ectopic liver tissue located on the gallbladder surface or mesentery were analyzed. Of these 91 patients, 62 were female and 25 were male (no gender available for 4 patients), and the age range was 5 d to 91 years. Forty-nine patients underwent surgery for chronic cholecystitis or cholelithiasis, and 14 patients underwent surgery for acute cholecystitis. The remaining 28 patients underwent laparotomy for other reasons. Cholecystectomy was laparoscopic in 69 patients and open in 11 patients. The remaining 19 patients underwent various other surgical procedures such as autopsy, liver transplantation, living donor hepatectomy, Whipple procedure, and liver segment V resection. Histopathologically, hepatocellular carcinoma was detected in the ectopic liver tissue of one patient.

Ectopic liver tissue is a rare developmental anomaly which is usually detected incidentally. Although most studies suggest that ectopic liver located outside the gallbladder has a high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, this is not reflected in statistical analysis.

• Liver
• Gallbladder
• Ectopic liver tissue
• Hepatic choristoma
• Histopathological features
• Hepatocellular carcinoma

Case series

Patients: Female, 44-year-old • Female, 62-year-old

Final Diagnosis: Ectopic liver

Symptoms: Asymptomatic

Medication: —

Clinical Procedure: Laparoscopic excision during cholecystectomy

Specialty: Surgery

•

Ectopic hepatic tissue is due to an uncommon failure of embryological liver development.

Ectopic hepatic tissue is due to an uncommon failure of embryological liver development. The incidence of ectopic liver has been reported to be anywhere from 0.24% to 0.47% and a prevalence rate of 0.47% as diagnosed at laparotomy or laparoscopy. We report a case of Ectopic Hepatic tissue attached to the gallbladder wall that was discovered during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

A 47 year-old women presented to the surgery department with abdominal acute pain. The patient was taken for a standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The gallbladder was retracted cephalad while Hartmann’s pouch was retracted laterally. It was then noted that an ectopic tissue was present on the gallbladder wall. The patient recovered well after surgery, had no complications and was discharged the day after surgery.

Ectopic hepatic tissue is a rare condition. The real incidence of ectopic hepatic tissue attached to the gallbladder wall is difficult to assess but is reportedly 0.24–0.47% of the population. Ectopic hepatic tissue attached to the gallbladder usually remains asymptomatic and is occasionally discovered during laparoscopy, as was the case with the patient in the present report. In this case presented, the histopathological examination of specimen was confirmed to be ectopic liver tissue without hepatocellular carcinoma.

It is important to be vigilant of ectopic hepatic tissue, their complications, and the potential surgical, including increased operative time and the need to follow up on such patients to rule out any possible complications.

• Ectopic hepatic
• Gallbladder
• Laparoscopy

• ectopic liver tissue
• hepatocellular carcinoma

Ectopic liver is a rare finding (Corsy, 1922; Kubota et al., 2007) that is usually discovered intraoperatively or during an autopsy (Bassis and Izenstark, 1956). Preoperative diagnosis of ectopic liver is also uncommon. The most common site of ectopic liver is on the gall bladder, although there are reports of other sites such as the adrenal glands and esophagus. The management of ectopic liver is en-bloc resection due to the high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.

We describe the case of a 42-year-old female who presented with recurrent abdominal pain. She was found to have a smooth fragment of a reddish brown tissue attached to the anterior surface of the gallbladder during an elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The tissue was removed with the gallbladder, and histopathology showed normal ectopic liver tissue.

Due to the possibility of malignant transformation into hepatocellular carcinoma, en-bloc resection is the choice of management.

This case describes an intraoperative incidental finding and surgical removal of ectopic liver tissue attached to the gallbladder during a standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. These anomalies are rare, with interesting associations and possible clinically relevant complications. The details of the case, along with a brief literature review of embryology, common ectopic sites, and associations/complications, are presented in this paper. Since laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a very common procedure, it is important to increase vigilance of ectopic liver tissues during surgeries to minimize complications and provide optimal management.

• Cloning
• Dog
• Ectopic gallbladder
• Ectopic liver
• Etiology

•

Developmental abnormalities of liver including ectopic liver are rare conditions.

Developmental abnormalities of liver including ectopic liver tissue (ELT) are rare conditions. Few cases presenting ELT have been reported in literature till now. Even though the most common area seen is gallbladder, it is detected both abdominal and thoracic sites. There is a relationship between HCC and ectopic liver that necessitates the removal.

A 51-year-old female was hospitalized because of abdominal pain. Gallstone and bile duct dilatation were determined during ultrasonographic (USG) evaluation. The patient was operated for cholecystectomy following a successful endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). During operation, a mass located on gallbladder with its unique vascular support was identified and resected together with gallbladder. The mass had a separate vascular stalk arising from liver parenchyma substance and it was clipped with laparoscopic staples. The histopathological examination revealed that the mass adherent to gallbladder was ectopic liver confirming the intraoperative observation. The postoperative course of patient was uneventfull and she was discharged at the second day after the operation.

Ectopic liver tissue is incidentally found both in abdominal and thoracic cavity. ELT can rarely be diagnosed before surgical procedures or autopsies. It can be overlooked easily by radiological techniques. Although it does not usually produce any symptom clinically, it can rarely result in serious complications such as bleeding, pyloric and portal vein obstruction. ELT also has the capacity of malignant transformation to hepatocellular carcinoma that makes it essential to be removed.

Although ELT is rarely seen, it should be removed when recognized in order to prevent the complications and malignant transformation.

• Cholecystectomy
• ERCP
• Ectopic liver tissue
• Gallbladder
• Laparoscopy
• Vascular supply

Ectopic liver tissue (ELT) is a rare condition, which is usually not diagnosed preoperatively, but coincidentally during abdominal surgery. While the location of ELT can vary, it is usually localized on the gallbladder wall or in close proximity. ELT is associated with various complications, a major complication being extrahepatic hepatocellular carcinoma. A 59-year-old female underwent elective surgery for chronic cholecystitis with stones. During laparoscopic exploration, a 2-cm-diameter ELT was detected in the anterior gallbladder wall and a laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed. The case is presented due to the rare nature of ELT and as a reminder of ELT-related complications.

• Ectopic liver tissue
• Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
• Hepatocellular carcinoma

• choristoma
• ectopic liver
• fetus