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Kølle IS, Hesthaven AS, Davidsen L, Hagn-Meincke R, Drewes AM, Pedersen IS, Ejstrud P, Henriksen SD, Olesen SS. Diagnostic yield of second-line aetiological workup in patients with presumed idiopathic acute pancreatitis: a retrospective cohort study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2025:1-9. [PMID: 40160120 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2025.2485135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2025] [Revised: 03/14/2025] [Accepted: 03/22/2025] [Indexed: 04/02/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After an aetiological (first-line) workup, the cause of acute pancreatitis remains unidentified in a significant proportion of cases, a condition known as idiopathic acute pancreatitis (IAP). METHODS Retrospective cohort study involving patients with presumed IAP referred for second-line aetiological workup. The completion of first-line aetiological evaluations was assessed upon referral, and the diagnostic outcomes of second-line investigations were evaluated. Over a one-year follow-up period, we documented acute pancreatitis recurrence and patient mortality. Recurrence risk was analysed using an age-adjusted Cox regression model, stratified by treatable versus non-treatable aetiologies. RESULTS We identified 161 patients with presumed IAP, among whom 81 (50%) had recurrent acute pancreatitis. In total, 115 patients (71%) had a complete first-line aetiological workup. The overall diagnostic yield of the second-line aetiological workup was 25% (95% confidence interval [CI] 18-32%). Among second-line tests, the highest diagnostic yield was found for endoscopic ultrasound (34%, 95% CI 20-50%) and genetic testing (37%, 95% CI 22-53%). The most frequent aetiologies identified were biliary pancreatitis (16 patients [10%]) and pancreatitis with a genetic mutation (15 patients [9%]). Neoplasia was identified in two patients. A treatable aetiology was associated with a numerically reduced pancreatitis recurrence risk (Hazard Ratio 0.50, 95% CI 0.07-3.85, p = 0.51). No patient died during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION A second-line aetiological workup can identify the aetiology in 25% of patients with presumed IAP. The most frequent aetiologies are biliary pancreatitis and pancreatitis with a genetic mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Saksenborg Kølle
- Centre for Pancreatic Diseases and Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Andreas Svenstrup Hesthaven
- Centre for Pancreatic Diseases and Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Line Davidsen
- Centre for Pancreatic Diseases and Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Hagn-Meincke
- Centre for Pancreatic Diseases and Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Asbjørn Mohr Drewes
- Centre for Pancreatic Diseases and Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Inge Søkilde Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Per Ejstrud
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Stine Dam Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Søren Schou Olesen
- Centre for Pancreatic Diseases and Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Vitali F, Zundler S, Jesper D, Strobel D, Wildner D, de Pretis N, Frulloni L, Crinó SF, Neurath MF. Endoscopic Ultrasound in Pancreatology: Focus on Inflammatory Diseases and Interventions. Visc Med 2023; 39:131-139. [PMID: 37899796 PMCID: PMC10601533 DOI: 10.1159/000533433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a main tool in pancreatology for both diagnosis and therapy. It allows minimally invasive differentiation of various diseases, with a minimal degree of inflammation or anatomic variations. EUS also enables interventional direct access to the pancreatic parenchyma and the retroperitoneal space, the pancreatic duct, the pancreatic masses, cysts, vascular structures for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Summary This review aimed to summarize the new developments of EUS in the field of pancreatology, with special interest on inflammation and interventions. EUS enables way to perform pseudocyst drainage, necrosectomy, transenteral drainage and transenteric access of the main pancreatic duct, or the direct visualization or therapy of vascular structures adjacent to the pancreas. Key Messages EUS has a deep impact on pancreatology, and the development of new diagnostic and interventional approaches to the retroperitoneal space and the pancreas has increased in the last years exponentially, allowing minimal invasive diagnostics and therapy and avoiding surgery and percutaneous therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Vitali
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Jesper
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Deike Strobel
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dane Wildner
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicoló de Pretis
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, The Pancreas Institute, G.B. Rossi University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Frulloni
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, The Pancreas Institute, G.B. Rossi University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Francesco Crinó
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, The Pancreas Institute, G.B. Rossi University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Chan KS, Shelat VG. Diagnosis, severity stratification and management of adult acute pancreatitis-current evidence and controversies. World J Gastrointest Surg 2022; 14:1179-1197. [PMID: 36504520 PMCID: PMC9727576 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v14.i11.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a disease spectrum ranging from mild to severe with an unpredictable natural course. Majority of cases (80%) are mild and self-limiting. However, severe AP (SAP) has a mortality risk of up to 30%. Establishing aetiology and risk stratification are essential pillars of clinical care. Idiopathic AP is a diagnosis of exclusion which should only be used after extended investigations fail to identify a cause. Tenets of management of mild AP include pain control and management of aetiology to prevent recurrence. In SAP, patients should be resuscitated with goal-directed fluid therapy using crystalloids and admitted to critical care unit. Routine prophylactic antibiotics have limited clinical benefit and should not be given in SAP. Patients able to tolerate oral intake should be given early enteral nutrition rather than nil by mouth or parenteral nutrition. If unable to tolerate per-orally, nasogastric feeding may be attempted and routine post-pyloric feeding has limited evidence of clinical benefit. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram should be selectively performed in patients with biliary obstruction or suspicion of acute cholangitis. Delayed step-up strategy including percutaneous retroperitoneal drainage, endoscopic debridement, or minimal-access necrosectomy are sufficient in most SAP patients. Patients should be monitored for diabetes mellitus and pseudocyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Siang Chan
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Vishal G Shelat
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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Strand DS, Law RJ, Yang D, Elmunzer BJ. AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Endoscopic Approach to Recurrent Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis: Expert Review. Gastroenterology 2022; 163:1107-1114. [PMID: 36008176 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DESCRIPTION The purpose of this American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Clinical Practice Update Expert Review is to provide practical, evidence-based guidance to clinicians regarding the role of endoscopy for recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis. METHODS This expert review was commissioned and approved by the AGA Institute Clinical Practice Updates Committee and the AGA Governing Board to provide guidance on a topic of clinical importance to the AGA membership, underwent internal peer review by the Clinical Practice Updates Committee (CPUC), and external peer review through standard procedures of Gastroenterology. This review is framed around the 8 best practice advice points agreed upon by the authors, based on the results of randomized controlled trials, observational studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, as well expert consensus in this field. Best Practice Advice Statements BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 1: After an unrevealing initial evaluation, endoscopic ultrasound is the preferred diagnostic test for unexplained acute and recurrent pancreatitis. Magnetic resonance imaging with contrast and cholangiopancreatography is a reasonable complementary or alternative test to endoscopic ultrasound, based on local expertise and availability. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 2: The role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for reducing the frequency of acute pancreatitis episodes in patients with pancreas divisum is controversial, but minor papilla endotherapy may be considered, particularly for those with objective signs of outflow obstruction, such as a dilated dorsal pancreatic duct and/or santorinicele. There is no role for ERCP to treat pain alone in patients with pancreas divisum. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 3: The role of ERCP for reducing the frequency of pancreatitis episodes in patients with unexplained recurrent acute pancreatitis and standard pancreatic ductal anatomy is controversial and should only be considered after a comprehensive discussion of the uncertain benefits and potentially severe procedure-related adverse events. When pursued, ERCP with biliary sphincterotomy alone may be preferable to dual sphincterotomy. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 4: Surgical intervention should be considered over endoscopic therapy for long-term treatment of patients with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopic intervention is a reasonable alternative to surgery for suboptimal operative candidates or those who favor a less invasive approach, assuming they are clearly informed that the best practice advice primarily favors surgery. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 5: When ERCP is pursued, small (≤5mm) main pancreatic duct stones can be treated with pancreatography and conventional stone extraction maneuvers. For larger stones, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy and/or pancreatoscopy with intraductal lithotripsy may be required. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 6: When ERCP is pursued, prolonged stent therapy (6-12 months) is effective for treating symptoms and remodeling main pancreatic duct strictures. The preferred approach is to place and sequentially add multiple plastic stents in parallel (upsizing); emerging evidence suggests that fully covered self-expanding metal stents may have a role for this indication, but additional research is necessary. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 7: ERCP with stent insertion is the preferred treatment for benign biliary stricture due to chronic pancreatitis. FCSEMS placement is favored over multiple plastic stents whenever feasible, given similar efficacy but significantly reduced need for stent exchange procedures during the treatment course. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 8: Celiac plexus block should not be routinely performed for the management of pain due to chronic pancreatitis. The decision to proceed with celiac plexus block in selected patients with debilitating pain in whom other therapeutic measures have failed can be considered on a case-by-case basis, but only after discussion of the unclear outcomes of this intervention and its procedural risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Strand
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ryan J Law
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Dennis Yang
- Center for Interventional Endoscopy, AdventHealth, Orlando, Florida.
| | - B Joseph Elmunzer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Exploring the Optimal Timing of Endoscopic Ultrasound Performance Post-Acute Idiopathic Pancreatitis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12081808. [PMID: 36010159 PMCID: PMC9406693 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12081808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with acute idiopathic pancreatitis (AIP) should undergo further imaging tests such as endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for further investigation. The time interval between an episode of AIP and EUS performance is still controversial. Aims: We aimed to explore the optimal timing for performing EUS and to reveal parameters that might predict longer intervals needed for performing EUS. Methods: We performed a single-center retrospective study at Galilee Medical Center from January 2015 to January 2020, at which point we included all patients who underwent EUS for further investigation of AIP. Results: Overall, we included 50 patients. The average age of all patients was 54.2 ± 17.6 years (range 22–69 years), and more than half of the study cohort were males (58%). Classifying patients as inflamed vs. normal pancreatic tissue on EUS, we found that among patients with normal pancreatic tissue, EUS was performed 44.7 ± 28.3 days from discharge, while for patients with inflamed pancreatic tissue, it was 48.1 ± 22.3 days (p = 0.37) after discharge. Notably, the CT severity index was significantly associated with inflamed pancreatic tissue on EUS, as it was 2.4 ± 0.74 vs. 1.5 ± 1.3 in the normal pancreatic tissue group (p = 0.03). There were no differences in the Bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis (BISAP) scores, and there were no differences in the average American Society of Anesthesiologist Physical Status (ASA) scores between the two groups. Notably, 26.3% of patients had inflamed pancreatic tissue when performing EUS at 4 weeks, as compared to 16% who had inflamed pancreatic tissue at EUS performed after 6 weeks. Conclusion: Radiological severity score was the only important factor in determining the time interval of performing EUS after an episode of AIP. Intervals greater than six weeks seem to be needed among patients with higher Balthazar scores.
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Pancreatic Disorders of Pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2021; 63:226-242. [PMID: 31789887 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The pancreas is an organ with both exocrine and endocrine functions that has a vital role in both digestion as well as glucose metabolism. Although pancreatic dysfunction and disorders are rare in pregnancy, they are becoming increasingly more common. Recognition of these disorders and understanding how they can affect pregnancy is imperative to allow for proper management. We provide an overview of the most common pancreatic disorders that are seen in pregnancy.
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Tepox-Padrón A, Bernal-Mendez RA, Duarte-Medrano G, Romano-Munive AF, Mairena-Valle M, Ramírez-Luna MÁ, Marroquin-Reyes JD, Uscanga L, Chan C, Domínguez-Rosado I, Hernandez-Calleros J, Pelaez-Luna M, Tellez-Avila F. Utility of endoscopic ultrasound in idiopathic acute recurrent pancreatitis. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2021; 8:bmjgast-2020-000538. [PMID: 33402380 PMCID: PMC7786795 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2020-000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic acute recurrent pancreatitis (IARP) is defined as at least two episodes of acute pancreatitis with the complete or near-complete resolution of symptoms and signs of pancreatitis between episodes, without an identified cause. There is a paucity of information about the usefulness of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in IARP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Tepox-Padrón
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rafael Ambrosio Bernal-Mendez
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Duarte-Medrano
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Adriana Fabiola Romano-Munive
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Milton Mairena-Valle
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Ramírez-Luna
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jose Daniel Marroquin-Reyes
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Luis Uscanga
- Gastroenterology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Tlalpan, Mexico
| | - Carlos Chan
- Surgery Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ismael Domínguez-Rosado
- Surgery Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jorge Hernandez-Calleros
- Gastroenterology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Tlalpan, Mexico
| | - Mario Pelaez-Luna
- Gastroenterology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Tlalpan, Mexico
| | - Felix Tellez-Avila
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico, Mexico
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Valverde-López F, Ortega-Suazo EJ, Wilcox CM, Fernandez-Cano MC, Martínez-Cara JG, Redondo-Cerezo E. Endoscopic ultrasound as a diagnostic and predictive tool in idiopathic acute pancreatitis. Ann Gastroenterol 2020; 33:305-312. [PMID: 32382235 PMCID: PMC7196619 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2020.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is useful in the diagnostic workup of idiopathic acute pancreatitis but its role as a predictor of recurrence has not been thoroughly assessed. Our aim was to study the performance of EUS in idiopathic acute pancreatitis, its impact on the natural history of the disease, and the factors related to recurrence. Methods Patients with idiopathic acute pancreatitis referred to our endoscopy unit were enrolled and followed, with assessment of the performance of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), cholecystectomy, and the incidence of recurrence. EUS findings and recurrence rates were compared between patients with a first episode or recurrent attacks and in patients with previous cholecystectomy versus those with gallbladder in situ. Results One hundred six patients were included (mean follow up: 53.59±27.79 months). Biliary disease related to stones was the most common finding on EUS (49.1%), and patients referred for recurrent attacks showed the highest recurrence rate during follow up (57.1%). ERCP or cholecystectomy reduced recurrences to 14.3% in patients with biliary disease. Age under 65 (odds ratio [OR] 3.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21-10.44; P=0.02), previous cholecystectomy (OR 3.19, 95%CI 1.11-9.17; P=0.03), and no lithiasis on EUS (OR 2.87, 95%CI 1.04-7.87; P=0.04) were independent risks factors for recurrence. Conclusions EUS-directed ERCP/cholecystectomy was associated with lower relapse rates in idiopathic acute pancreatitis. Along with age and gallbladder status, it provides predictive information about recurrence likelihood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Valverde-López
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, "Virgen de las Nieves" University Hospital, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain (Francisco Valverde-López, Eva Julissa Ortega-Suazo, Maria Carmen Fernandez-Cano, Juan Gabriel Martínez-Cara, Eduardo Redondo-Cerezo)
| | - Eva Julissa Ortega-Suazo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, "Virgen de las Nieves" University Hospital, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain (Francisco Valverde-López, Eva Julissa Ortega-Suazo, Maria Carmen Fernandez-Cano, Juan Gabriel Martínez-Cara, Eduardo Redondo-Cerezo)
| | - Charles Mel Wilcox
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Pancreaticobiliary Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA (Charles Mel Wilcox)
| | - Maria Carmen Fernandez-Cano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, "Virgen de las Nieves" University Hospital, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain (Francisco Valverde-López, Eva Julissa Ortega-Suazo, Maria Carmen Fernandez-Cano, Juan Gabriel Martínez-Cara, Eduardo Redondo-Cerezo)
| | - Juan Gabriel Martínez-Cara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, "Virgen de las Nieves" University Hospital, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain (Francisco Valverde-López, Eva Julissa Ortega-Suazo, Maria Carmen Fernandez-Cano, Juan Gabriel Martínez-Cara, Eduardo Redondo-Cerezo)
| | - Eduardo Redondo-Cerezo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, "Virgen de las Nieves" University Hospital, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain (Francisco Valverde-López, Eva Julissa Ortega-Suazo, Maria Carmen Fernandez-Cano, Juan Gabriel Martínez-Cara, Eduardo Redondo-Cerezo)
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Abstract
In patients with acute pancreatitis (AP), diagnostic imaging is performed for various reasons, including the detection of the etiology (e.g., biliary obstruction caused by gallstones), diagnosis of pancreatitis in an unclear clinical setting, assessment of the severity of the process, and evaluation of its complications. In spite of the potential benefits of these imaging studies in the setting of AP, especially economic consequences but also medical risks are associated with diagnostic imaging, including increase of the effective radiation dose received by patients with AP and rising health care costs, frequently without impact on management. The rising incidence of acute pancreatitis in the Western world is escalating its financial burden with national health care expenses of over 2.5 billion dollars annually. Despite evidence-based national recommendations on utilization of diagnostic imaging in patients with AP, unnecessary imaging studies are still frequently performed, especially in the early hospital course. The purpose of this article is, therefore, to review the imaging guidelines for acute pancreatitis with regards to when and when not to image, with the aim to minimize inappropriate utilization.
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Pereira R, Eslick G, Cox M. Endoscopic Ultrasound for Routine Assessment in Idiopathic Acute Pancreatitis. J Gastrointest Surg 2019; 23:1694-1700. [PMID: 31197695 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-019-04272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common general acute surgical presentations. Current recommendations are that idiopathic acute pancreatitis (IAP) should account for no more than 20% of AP cases. Some studies suggest gallbladder microlithiasis is the aetiology in up to 75% of IAP patients. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has been reported to be effective in the detection of microlithiasis and choledocholithiasis as well as pancreatic parenchymal, ductal and ampullary disorders. The aims of this study were to evaluate the usefulness of EUS in establishing aetiology in IAP patients and to assess if there is a role for EUS in the selection criteria for laparoscopic cholecystectomy to treat a potential biliary cause in IAP patients. METHODS A systematic review following PRISMA guideline was performed to gather data on patients with IAP undergoing EUS for further investigation. Three databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE) were searched to 28 July 2018. RESULTS Our systematic review included 28 studies, comprising 1850 patients with an initial diagnosis of IAP prior to having EUS. Diagnosis of a potential aetiology or associated pancreatic pathology was established in 1095 (62%, p < 0.001) of cases. A biliary aetiology (microlithiasis or choledocholithiasis) was found in 37%. Chronic pancreatitis and associated pancreatic findings (dilated pancreatic duct, pancreatic duct stricture or stone) were found in 21%. Pancreatic neoplasms were found in 6%. Of the patients who had identifiable biliary pathology on EUS that proceeded to cholecystectomy, 2% had a recurrence of AP during a mean follow-up period of 20.5 months. CONCLUSIONS There is a likely role for the routine use of EUS in the assessment of patients with IAP. The routine use of EUS may decrease the proportion of cases with a diagnosis of IAP. EUS may provide better selection criteria for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with an initial diagnosis of IAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Pereira
- The Whiteley-Martin Research Unit, Discipline of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Clinical Sciences Building, Nepean Hospital, P. O. Box 67, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Guy Eslick
- The Whiteley-Martin Research Unit, Discipline of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Clinical Sciences Building, Nepean Hospital, P. O. Box 67, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Michael Cox
- The Whiteley-Martin Research Unit, Discipline of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Clinical Sciences Building, Nepean Hospital, P. O. Box 67, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia. .,Department of Surgery, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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11
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Goodchild G, Chouhan M, Johnson GJ. Practical guide to the management of acute pancreatitis. Frontline Gastroenterol 2019; 10:292-299. [PMID: 31288253 PMCID: PMC6583768 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2018-101102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is characterised by inflammation of the exocrine pancreas and is associated with acinar cell injury and both a local and systemic inflammatory response. AP may range in severity from self-limiting, characterised by mild pancreatic oedema, to severe systemic inflammation with pancreatic necrosis, organ failure and death. Several international guidelines have been developed including those from the joint International Association of Pancreatology and American Pancreatic Association, American College of Gastroenterology and British Society of Gastroenterology. Here we discuss current diagnostic and management challenges and address the common dilemmas in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Goodchild
- Department of Gastroenterology, University College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Manil Chouhan
- Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gavin J Johnson
- Department of Gastroenterology, University College Hospital, London, UK
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Idiopathic acute pancreatitis: a review on etiology and diagnostic work-up. Clin J Gastroenterol 2019; 12:511-524. [DOI: 10.1007/s12328-019-00987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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The role of linear endosonography for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis when other methods failed. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2019; 43:98-103. [PMID: 30195479 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Acute pancreatitis has no obvious cause after clinical, laboratory and radiologic investigation in 10%-30% of patients, and the diagnosis of idiopathic pancreatitis is given. This study investigated the role of linear EUS for identification of possible causes for acute pancreatitis when other investigative methods failed. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between June 2012 and March 2017, 35 patients [25 women; mean age: 51.9 + 17.8 years] with idiopathic acute pancreatitis underwent linear EUS for investigation. All of these cases were contacted for a follow-up telephone interview to compare the EUS findings with the final diagnosis and outcome. RESULTS Pancreaticobiliary abnormalities were identified in 19 of 35 (54.3%) patients. Ten (28.6%) patients had microlithiasis or biliary sludge. Microlithiasis and choledocholithiasis were identified in 8 (22.8%) and a single (2.8%) patient, respectively. Two patients presented gallbladder biliary sludge, one of them with microlithiasis. Chronic pancreatitis was found on EUS in 6 (17.1%) patients, and pseudotumoral masses confirmed by EUS-FNA as autoimmune pancreatitis were detected in other 3 (8.6%) cases. Linear EUS was normal in 13 (37.1%) patients, and demonstrated findings of recent acute pancreatitis but no other etiological factor in 3 (8.6%) cases. After a mean follow-up of 33.3 months, no case with a normal EUS evaluation presented a new episode of pancreatitis, 1 of 9 cases with microlithiasis presented an episode of recurrent pancreatitis due to choledocolithiasis after cholecystectomy, and 3 of 9 cases with chronic pancreatitis presented recurrent episodes, including the 2 cases of autoimmune pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS Linear EUS provides diagnostic information in approximately a half of patients with idiopathic acute pancreatitis. Exclusion of pancreaticobiliary abnormalities on EUS has an important prognostic value for absence of new episodes of acute pancreatitis.
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The Role of Endoscopic Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography in Patients With Acute Pancreatitis After Negative Computed Tomography Findings of the Etiology. Pancreas 2018; 47:1165-1171. [PMID: 30142119 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the roles of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in detecting the causes of acute pancreatitis after negative computed tomography (CT) findings. METHODS Demographic characteristics, blood test results, the severity of pancreatitis, and definite or possible etiology of pancreatitis by EUS and MRCP were evaluated prospectively in 65 consecutively admitted patients after negative CT findings. RESULTS Endoscopic ultrasonography and/or MRCP confirmed the definite causes of pancreatitis in 47.7% (31/65) (choledocholithiasis, 25; pancreatic divisum, 3; pancreatic cancer, 1; and pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, 1). The possible causes were cholelithiasis in 75.4%, pancreaticobiliary common channel (PBCC) in 70.8%, and both in 89.2%. The diagnostic values of EUS were higher than MRCP for choledocholithiasis (35.4% vs 12.3%, P < 0.05). Cholelithiasis and the common bile duct diameter were independent factors for the definite etiology of acute pancreatitis. Choledocholithiasis was inversely associated with PBCC, and the common bile duct diameter was the only independent factor associated with PBCC. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic ultrasonography is a useful imaging modality for detecting definite or possible causes of acute pancreatitis. A PBCC as well as biliary lithiasis could be not uncommon causes of acute pancreatitis after negative CT findings.
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Wan J, Ouyang Y, Yu C, Yang X, Xia L, Lu N. Comparison of EUS with MRCP in idiopathic acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87:1180-1188.e9. [PMID: 29225082 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Idiopathic acute pancreatitis (IAP) poses a diagnostic challenge for gastroenterologists, because confirmation of the disease etiology has important implications for the selection of the best possible treatment and the prevention of possible recurrence or the development of chronic pancreatitis (CP). ERCP, EUS, and MRCP typically are used to diagnose IAP when conventional radiologic methods fail. However, their exact role in the diagnosis of IAP has not yet been determined. METHODS We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, OVID, Cochrane Library (including CENTRAL), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang databases from inception to April 2017. Studies involving the use of EUS and/or MRCP for the etiologic diagnosis of IAP were included. A meta-analysis was performed by using Review Manager Version 5.2 for comparative studies and R software 3.3.3 to determine diagnostic yield of the studies. RESULTS Among the 34 studies that met the inclusion criteria (n = 2338), 7 studies used a combination of EUS and MRCP and totaled 249 patients. The results comparing EUS with MRCP showed a diagnostic yield of 153 of the 239 patients (64%) in the EUS group, which was higher than the yield of 82 of 238 patients (34%) in the MRCP group (P < .001) in the 7 studies, and the diagnostic yield was 60% in the EUS group, 24% in the MRCP group, and 43% in the MRCP after secretin stimulation (S-MRCP) group. In our subgroup analysis of CP and biliary disease, EUS was superior to MRCP (P < .001), but when comparing the efficacy of the modalities in the diagnosis of pancreatic divisum, S-MRCP was obviously superior to MRCP and EUS (12% vs 2% vs 2%). CONCLUSION EUS and MRCP should both be used in the diagnostic work-up of IAP as complementary techniques. EUS had a higher diagnostic accuracy than MRCP (64% vs 34%) in the etiologic diagnosis of IAP and should be preferred for establishing a possible biliary disease and CP diagnosis, whereas S-MRCP was superior to EUS and MRCP in diagnosing a possible anatomic alteration in the biliopancreatic duct system, such as pancreatic divisum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaobin Ouyang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Nonghua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
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16
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Fugazza A, Bizzarri B, Gaiani F, Manfredi M, Ghiselli A, Crafa P, Carra MC, de’Angelis N, de’Angelis GL. The role of endoscopic ultrasound in children with Pancreatobiliary and gastrointestinal disorders: a single center series and review of the literature. BMC Pediatr 2017; 17:203. [PMID: 29212476 PMCID: PMC5719791 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0956-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in the management of pancreatobiliary and digestive diseases is well established in adults, but it remains limited in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and clinical impact of EUS use in children. METHODS This is a retrospective analysis of a prospectively acquired database of consecutive pediatric (< 18 years) patients presenting an indication for EUS for pancreatobiliary and gastrointestinal disorders. RESULTS Between January 2010 and January 2016, 47 procedures were performed in 40 children (mean age of 15.1 ± 4.7 years; range 3-18). The majority of EUS (n = 32; 68.1%) were performed for pancreatobiliary and upper gastrointestinal pathologies, including suspected common bile duct stones (CBDs), acute biliary pancreatitis, recurrent/chronic pancreatitis, cystic pancreatic mass, recurrent hypoglycemia, duodenal polyp, gastric submucosal lesion, and perigastric abscess. In only 2 out of 18 children with suspected CBDs or acute biliary pancreatitis, EUS confirmed CBDs. EUS-guided fine needle aspiration was performed in 3 (6.4%) patients. Fifteen (31.9%) procedures were performed for lower gastrointestinal tract disorders, including suspected anal Crohn's disease, fecal incontinence, and encopresis. Overall, EUS had a significant impact on the subsequent clinical management in 87.2% of patients. CONCLUSION The present findings were consistent with results observed in the current relevant literature and support EUS as a safe and feasible diagnostic and therapeutic tool, which yields a significant clinical impact in children with pancreatobiliary and gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fugazza
- grid.411482.aGastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Bizzarri
- grid.411482.aGastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Gaiani
- grid.411482.aGastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Manfredi
- grid.411482.aDepartment of Pediatrics, “Pietro Barilla” Children’s Hospital, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessia Ghiselli
- grid.411482.aGastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Crafa
- grid.411482.aDepartment of Pathology, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Clotilde Carra
- 0000 0001 2217 0017grid.7452.4University Paris VII, Rothschild Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Nicola de’Angelis
- 0000 0001 2292 1474grid.412116.1Unit of Digestive, Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, 94010 Paris, Créteil France
- 0000 0001 2149 7878grid.410511.0Cancer Research Lab. EC2M3, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, Val de Marne UPEC, 94010 Paris, France
| | - Gian Luigi de’Angelis
- grid.411482.aGastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
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Slawinski C, O'Reilly DA. Management of acute pancreatitis: a practical guide. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2017; 78:C171-C175. [PMID: 29111805 DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2017.78.11.c171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cgv Slawinski
- ST4 General Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Royal Blackburn Hospital, Blackburn
| | - D A O'Reilly
- Consultant Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgeon, Department of General Surgery, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WL and School of Medical Sciences University of Manchester, Manchester
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Somani P, Sunkara T, Sharma M. Role of endoscopic ultrasound in idiopathic pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:6952-6961. [PMID: 29097868 PMCID: PMC5658313 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i38.6952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP) is defined based on the occurrence of two or more episodes of acute pancreatitis. The initial evaluation fails to detect the cause of RAP in 10%-30% of patients, whose condition is classified as idiopathic RAP (IRAP). Idiopathic acute pancreatitis (IAP) is a diagnostic challenge for gastroenterologists. In view of associated morbidity and mortality, it is important to determine the aetiology of pancreatitis to provide early treatment and prevent recurrence. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is an investigation of choice for imaging of pancreas and biliary tract. In view of high diagnostic accuracy and safety of EUS, a EUS based management strategy appears to be a reasonable approach for evaluation of patients with a single/recurrent idiopathic pancreatitis. The most common diagnoses by EUS in IAP is biliary tract disease. The present review aims to discuss the role of EUS in the clinical management and diagnosis of patients with IAP. It elaborates the diagnostic approach to IAP in relation to EUS and other different modalities. Controversial issues in IAP like when to perform EUS, whether to perform after first episode or recurrent episodes, comparison among different investigations and the latest evidence significance are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Somani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jaswant Rai Speciality Hospital, Meerut 25001, India
| | - Tagore Sunkara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Clinical Affliate of The Mount Sinai Hospital, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Malay Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jaswant Rai Speciality Hospital, Meerut 25001, India
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Di Leo M, Bianco M, Zuppardo RA, Guslandi M, Calabrese F, Mannucci A, Neri TM, Testoni PA, Leandro G, Cavestro GM. Meta-analysis of the impact of SPINK1 p.N34S gene variation in Caucasic patients with chronic pancreatitis. An update. Dig Liver Dis 2017; 49:847-853. [PMID: 28546062 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SPINK1 p.N34S gene variation is one of the endogenous factors which seem to be associated with chronic pancreatitis (CP). However, in literature there is no clear agreement regarding its contribution in different ethnicity and CP etiologies. AIM To investigate the role of SPINK1 p.N34S gene variation in CP patients with European origin by means of meta-analysis. METHODS Literature search was conducted and case-control studies evaluating Caucasian population, published between May 2007 and May 2015, were included. We also included Caucasian selected studies analyzed in previous meta-analysis. We carried out meta-analysis including all selected studies. After that, we performed two additional meta-analyses considering the incidence of SPINK1 p.N34S gene variation in alcoholic or in idiopathic CP patients vs control group. RESULTS Twenty-five studies were included and the total number of subjects was 8800 (2981 cases and 5819 controls). The presence of p.N34S variation increased nine times the overall CP risk in population of European origin [OR 9.695 (CI 95% 7.931-11.851)]. Also, the contribution of SPINK1 in idiopathic pancreatitis [OR 13.640 (CI 95% 8.858-21.002)] was found to be higher than in alcoholic CP [5.283 (CI 95% 3.449-8.092)]. CONCLUSION The association between SPINK1 p.N34S gene variation and CP is confirmed. Also, we confirmed that the idiopathic etiology needs a better definition by means of genetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Di Leo
- Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Margherita Bianco
- Gastroenterology Unit 1, Gastroenterological Hospital 'S. De Bellis' IRCCS, Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy
| | - Raffaella Alessia Zuppardo
- Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Guslandi
- Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Calabrese
- Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mannucci
- Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Tauro Maria Neri
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Diagnostic Department, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Pier Alberto Testoni
- Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Leandro
- Gastroenterology Unit 1, Gastroenterological Hospital 'S. De Bellis' IRCCS, Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy; Institute for Digestive and Liver Health, University College, London, UK
| | - Giulia Martina Cavestro
- Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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20
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Wang GX, Liu X, Wang S, Ge N, Guo JT, Sun SY. Effects of premedication with Pronase for endoscopic ultrasound of the stomach: A randomized controlled trial. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:10673-10679. [PMID: 28082820 PMCID: PMC5192279 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i48.10673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyze the effects of premedication with Pronase for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) examination of the stomach.
METHODS This was a prospective, randomized and controlled clinical study. All patients were randomly assigned to either the Pronase group or placebo group. The pretreatment solution was a mixed solution of 20000 U of Pronase and 60 mL sodium bicarbonate solution in the Pronase group, while an equal amount of sodium bicarbonate solution was administered to the placebo group. All operators, image evaluators and experimental recorders in EUS did not participate in the preparation and allocation of pretreatment solution. Two blinded investigators assessed the obscurity scores for the EUS images according to the size of artifacts (including ultrasound images of the gastric cavity and the gastric wall). Differences in imaging quality, the duration of examination and the usage of physiological saline during the examination process between the Pronase group and the control group were compared.
RESULTS No differences existed in patient demographics between the two groups. For the gastric cavity, the Pronase group had significantly lower mean obscurity scores than the placebo group (1.0476 ± 0.77 vs 1.6129 ± 0.96, respectively, P = 0.000). The mean obscurity scores for the gastric mucosal surface were significantly lower in the Pronase group than the placebo group (1.2063 ± 0.90 vs 1.7581 ± 0.84, respectively, P = 0.001). The average EUS procedure duration for the Pronase group was 11.60 ± 3.32 min, which was significantly shorter than that of the placebo group (13.13 ± 3.81 min, P = 0.007). Less saline was used in the Pronase group than the placebo group, and the difference was significant (417.94 ± 121.38 mL vs 467.42 ± 104.52 mL, respectively, P = 0.016).
CONCLUSION The group that had Pronase premedication prior to the EUS examination had clearer images than the placebo group. With Pronase premedication, the examination time was shorter, and the amount of saline used during the EUS examination was less.
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21
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Branquinho D, Ramos-Andrade D, Elvas L, Amaro P, Ferreira M, Sofia C. Drug-Induced Acute Pancreatitis and Pseudoaneurysms: An Ominous Combination. GE PORTUGUESE JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2016; 23:309-313. [PMID: 28868485 PMCID: PMC5580098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpge.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rupture of pseudoaneurysms is rare but can be life-threatening complications of acute or chronic pancreatitis, usually due to enzymatic digestion of vessel walls crossing peripancreatic fluid collections. We report the case of a 40 year-old female, with multisystemic lupus and anticoagulated for prior thrombotic events, admitted for probable cyclosporine-induced acute pancreatitis. Hemodynamic instability occurred due to abdominal hemorrhage from two pseudoaneurysms inside an acute peri-pancreatic collection. Selective angiography successfully embolized the gastroduodenal and pancreatoduodenal arteries. The hemorrhage recurred two weeks later and another successful embolization was performed and the patient remains well to date. The decision to restart anticoagulants and to suspend cyclosporine was challenging and required a multidisciplinary approach. Despite rare, bleeding from a pseudoaneurysm should be considered when facing a patient with pancreatitis and sudden signs of hemodynamic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Branquinho
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Endoscopy plays a central role in the evaluation and management of patients with pancreatic disease. This review focuses on recent clinically relevant developments and timely research questions related to endoscopy in acute and chronic pancreatitis. RECENT FINDINGS Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has moved to the forefront of the evaluation of unexplained pancreatitis; endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for recurrent acute pancreatitis remains controversial but commonly practiced; fully covered metallic stents are challenging traditional stent therapy in the treatment of benign biliary and pancreatic strictures due to chronic pancreatitis; endoscopic drainage has become central in the therapeutic algorithm for pancreatic fluid collections; EUS-guided access to the pancreatic duct in cases of unsuccessful ERCP is a promising new platform that requires additional research and development. The evidence in these areas is discussed, with an emphasis on recent high-impact publications. SUMMARY There have been significant recent advances in our endoscopic approach to pancreatic disease; however, additional research is necessary toward providing high-quality, evidence-based care in this area. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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23
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Riff BP, Chandrasekhara V. The Role of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Management of Pancreatic Diseases. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2016; 45:45-65. [PMID: 26895680 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is an effective platform for a variety of therapies in the management of benign and malignant disease of the pancreas. Over the last 50 years, endotherapy has evolved into the first-line therapy in the majority of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the pancreas. As this field advances, it is important that gastroenterologists maintain an adequate knowledge of procedure indication, maintain sufficient procedure volume to handle complex pancreatic endotherapy, and understand alternate approaches to pancreatic diseases including medical management, therapy guided by endoscopic ultrasonography, and surgical options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Riff
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1069, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Vinay Chandrasekhara
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine South Pavilion, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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24
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Cotton PB, Elta GH, Carter CR, Pasricha PJ, Corazziari ES. Rome IV. Gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi Disorders. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:S0016-5085(16)00224-9. [PMID: 27144629 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The concept that motor disorders of the gallbladder, cystic duct and sphincter of Oddi can cause painful syndromes is attractive and popular, at least in the USA. However, the results of commonly performed ablative treatments (cholecystectomy and sphincterotomy) are not uniformly good. The predictive value of tests that are often used to diagnose dysfunction (dynamic gallbladder scintigraphy and sphincter manometry) is controversial. Evaluation and management of these patients is made difficult by the fluctuating symptoms and the placebo effect of invasive interventions. A recent stringent study has shown that sphincterotomy is no better than sham treatment in patients with post-cholecystectomy pain and little or no objective abnormalities on investigation, so that the old concept of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) type III is discarded. ERCP approaches are no longer appropriate in that context. There is a pressing need for similar prospective studies to provide better guidance for clinicians dealing with these patients. We need to clarify the indications for cholecystectomy in patients with Functional Gallbladder Disorder (FGBD) and the relevance of sphincter dysfunction in patients with some evidence for biliary obstruction (previously SOD type II, now called "Functional Biliary Sphincter Disorder - FBSD") and with idiopathic acute recurrent pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Cotton
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - G H Elta
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - P J Pasricha
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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25
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Abstract
The application of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in children is growing, with studies demonstrating a positive impact of EUS in the management of childhood diseases. EUS has shown to be useful in the evaluation and management of a spectrum of childhood diseases including pancreaticobiliary disease, congenital anomalies, submuocsal lesions, biliary stones disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and eosinophilic esophagitis. Its diagnostic capabilities with fine-needle aspiration and core-needle biopsy are shown to be technically successful, safe, and effective in several pediatric studies. Therapeutic EUS procedures include endoscopic cystgastrostomy, celiac plexus neurolysis, and biliary access. This article discusses the role of EUS for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in pediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Lakhole
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Mailstop #78, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Quin Y Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Mailstop #78, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
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26
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Das R, Yadav D, Papachristou GI. Endoscopic Treatment of Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis and Smoldering Acute Pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2015; 25:737-48. [PMID: 26431601 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP) is a challenging condition that can lead to chronic pancreatitis and long-term morbidity. Etiology-based treatment can potentially have an impact on the natural history of RAP and its progression to chronic pancreatitis. In cases of divisum-associated RAP and idiopathic RAP, several studies have been performed to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic therapy in alleviation of symptoms and frequency of AP events. This review discusses the literature available on these topic as well as touching on the role of endoscopic therapy in smoldering acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Das
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PUH, M2, C Wing, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Dhiraj Yadav
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PUH, M2, C Wing, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Georgios I Papachristou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PUH, M2, C Wing, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Emerging Role of Endoscopic Ultrasound in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Idiopathic Pancreatitis. Am J Med Sci 2015; 350:229-34. [PMID: 26252794 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0000000000000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Chandrasekhara V, Chathadi KV, Acosta RD, Decker GA, Early DS, Eloubeidi MA, Evans JA, Faulx AL, Fanelli RD, Fisher DA, Foley K, Fonkalsrud L, Hwang JH, Jue TL, Khashab MA, Lightdale JR, Muthusamy VR, Pasha SF, Saltzman JR, Sharaf R, Shaukat A, Shergill AK, Wang A, Cash BD, DeWitt JM. The role of endoscopy in benign pancreatic disease. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 82:203-14. [PMID: 26077456 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hritz I, Czakó L, Dubravcsik Z, Farkas G, Kelemen D, Lásztity N, Morvay Z, Oláh A, Pap Á, Párniczky A, Sahin-Tóth M, Szentkereszti Z, Szmola R, Szücs Á, Takács T, Tiszlavicz L, Hegyi P. [Acute pancreatitis. Evidence-based practice guidelines, prepared by the Hungarian Pancreatic Study Group]. Orv Hetil 2015; 156:244-61. [PMID: 25661970 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2015.30059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is one of the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract associated with significant morbidity and mortality that requires up-to-date and evidence based treatment guidelines. The Hungarian Pancreatic Study Group proposed to prepare evidence based guideline for the medical and surgical management of acute pancreatitis based on the available international guidelines and evidence. The preparatory and consultation task force appointed by the Hungarian Pancreatic Study Group translated and, if it was necessary, complemented and/or modified the international guidelines. All together 42 relevant clinical questions were defined in 11 topics (Diagnosis and etiology, Prognosis, Imaging, Fluid therapy, Intensive care management, Prevention of infectious complications, Nutrition, Biliary interventions, Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography pancreatitis, Indication, timing and strategy for intervention in necrotizing pancreatitis, Timing of cholecystectomy [or endoscopic sphincterotomy]). Evidence was classified according to the UpToDate® grading system. The draft of the guideline was presented and discussed at the consensus meeting on September 12, 2014. 25 clinical questions with almost total (more than 95%) and 17 clinical questions with strong (more than 70%) agreement were accepted. The present guideline is the first evidence based acute pancreatitis guideline in Hungary. The guideline may provide important help for tuition, everyday practice and for establishment of proper finance of acute pancreatitis. Therefore, the authors believe that these guidelines will widely become as basic reference in Hungary.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Hritz
- Bács-Kiskun Megyei Kórház Gasztroenterológia Kecskemét
| | - László Czakó
- Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar, Szent-Györgyi Albert Klinikai Központ I. Belgyógyászati Klinika Szeged
| | | | - Gyula Farkas
- Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar, Szent-Györgyi Albert Klinikai Központ Sebészeti Klinika Szeged
| | - Dezső Kelemen
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Klinikai Központ, Sebészeti Klinika Pécs
| | | | - Zita Morvay
- Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar, Szent-Györgyi Albert Klinikai Központ Radiológiai Klinika Szeged
| | - Attila Oláh
- Petz Aladár Megyei Oktató Kórház Sebészeti Osztály Győr
| | - Ákos Pap
- Péterfy Sándor utcai Kórház-Rendelőintézet Budapest
| | | | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine Department of Molecular and Cell Biology Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Zsolt Szentkereszti
- Debreceni Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar, Orvos- és Egészségtudományi Centrum Sebészeti Klinika Debrecen
| | - Richárd Szmola
- Országos Onkológiai Intézet Intervenciós Gasztroenterológiai Részleg Budapest
| | - Ákos Szücs
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar I. Sebészeti Klinika Budapest
| | - Tamás Takács
- Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar, Szent-Györgyi Albert Klinikai Központ I. Belgyógyászati Klinika Szeged
| | - László Tiszlavicz
- Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar, Szent-Györgyi Albert Klinikai Központ Pathologiai Intézet Szeged
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar, Szent-Györgyi Albert Klinikai Központ I. Belgyógyászati Klinika Szeged MTA-SZTE Lendület Gasztroenterológiai Multidiszciplináris Kutatócsoport Szeged
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Boadas J, Balsells J, Busquets J, Codina-B A, Darnell A, Garcia-Borobia F, Ginés À, Gornals J, Gruartmoner G, Ilzarbe L, Merino X, Oms L, Puig I, Puig-Diví V, Vaquero E, Vida F, Molero X. Valoración y tratamiento de la pancreatitis aguda. Documento de posicionamiento de la Societat Catalana de Digestologia, Societat Catalana de Cirurgia y Societat Catalana de Pàncrees. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2015; 38:82-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yegin EG, Eryuksel E, Giral A, Ceyhan B, Ozdogan OC. Decision-making dilemma in drug-induced acute pancreatitis. J Dig Dis 2014; 15:694-7. [PMID: 25283755 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ender Gunes Yegin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Avsar AF, Yildirim M, Cinkaya A. Unexpected fetal demise despite the reactive nonstress test during the conservative management of acute pancreatitis in pregnancy. Int J Surg Case Rep 2014; 5:1047-9. [PMID: 25460471 PMCID: PMC4275784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2014.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dealing with acute pancreatitis in pregnancy is a challenging problem. Even in the presence of reassuring NST and biophysical profile assessment, an unpredictable fetal loss can occur during the medical management of the pregnancies complicated with mild acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a potentially life threatening inflammatory condition of the pancreas with a high mortality and morbidity rates. We report a complicated case of mild acute pancreatitis induced by gallbladder sludge in a pregnant woman whose pregnancy ended up with unexpected fetal demise at 34 weeks of her gestation. INTRODUCTION Dealing with acute pancreatitis in pregnancy is a challenging problem due to unexpected nature of the disease. PRESENTATION OF CASE We report a complicated case of a 29-year-old pregnant woman with a mild acute pancreatitis whose pregnancy ended up with an unexpected fetal demise at her 34th gestational week. This unfortunate outcome led us reconsider our obstetrical approach to acute pancreatitis during pregnancy. CONCLUSION Based on this unfortunate event, we now think that obstetricians should keep in mind that even in the presence of reassuring NST and biophysical profile assessment, an unpredictable fetal loss can occur during the medical management of the pregnancies complicated with mild acute pancreatitis. DISCUSSION The subject patient of this case report was diagnosed with mild AP and underwent conservative medical management. Since the patient was stable and fetal well-being was confirmed with BPP and NST, the termination of pregnancy was out of question at that time. The occurrence of unexpected fetal death despite assuring parameters led us reconsider the approach to the pregnant women with mild AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Filiz Avsar
- Yildirim Beyazit University, School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melahat Yildirim
- Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Aysegul Cinkaya
- Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
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Neri V, Lapolla F, Di Lascia A, Giambavicchio LL. Defining a therapeutic program for recurrent acute pancreatitis patients with unknown etiology. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2014; 7:1-7. [PMID: 24833943 PMCID: PMC4019227 DOI: 10.4137/cgast.s13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To define a therapeutic program for mild-moderate acute pancreatitis (AP), often recurrent, which at the end of the diagnostic process remains of undefined etiology. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the period 2011-2012, we observed 64 cases of AP: 52 mild-moderate, 12 severe; biliary 39, biliary in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis 5, unexplained recurrent 20. The clinical and instrumental evaluation of the 20 cases of unexplained AP showed 6 patients with biliary sludge, 4 microlithiasis, 4 sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, and 6 cases that remained undefined. RESULTS Among 20 patients with recurrent, unexplained AP at initial etiological assessment, we performed 10 video laparo cholecystectomies (VLCs), 2 open cholecystectomies and 4 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography/endoscopic sphincterotomies (ERCP/ES) in patients who had undergone previous cholecystectomy; 4 patients refused surgery. Among these 20 patients, 6 had AP that remained unexplained after second-level imaging investigations. For these patients, 4 VLCs and 2 ERCP/ES were performed. Follow-up after six months was negative for further recurrence. CONCLUSION The recurrence of unexplained acute pancreatitis could be treated with empirical cholecystectomy and/or ERCP/ES in cases of previous cholecystectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Neri
- General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Lapolla
- General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Lascia
- General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Stevens T. Role of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute and chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2013; 23:735-47. [PMID: 24079787 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) can be a useful tool for detecting underlying causes of acute pancreatitis and establishing the severity of fibrosis in chronic pancreatitis. Ancillary techniques include fine needle aspiration and core biopsy, bile collection for crystal analysis, pancreatic function testing, and celiac plexus block. This review focuses on the role of EUS in the diagnosis of acute and chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Stevens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, A31, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Thevenot A, Bournet B, Otal P, Canevet G, Moreau J, Buscail L. Endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in patients with idiopathic acute pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:2361-8. [PMID: 23508982 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2632-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) to diagnose idiopathic acute pancreatitis has been demonstrated but that of magnetic-resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) remains unclear. AIMS The aim of our study was to prospectively compare the results of EUS and MRCP to diagnose idiopathic acute pancreatitis when performed later after an acute attack. METHODS All patients admitted to our center for acute pancreatitis over a 2-year period received first-line investigations that included medical history, standard biological measurements, abdominal ultrasound, and computerized tomography. If no etiology was found, second-line investigations were scheduled at 2 months (or more if there was severe pancreatitis), which included clinical examinations, biological parameters, EUS, and MRCP. RESULTS A total of 128 consecutive patients were included (male: 80, mean age: 55.3 years). After first-line investigations, 41 patients with idiopathic acute pancreatitis underwent second-line investigations and were followed-up (38 patients had both EUS and MRCP). EUS and/or MRCP led to recognize a possible etiology of pancreatitis in 19 patients (50 %). The diagnostic yield for EUS was higher than for MRCP (29 vs. 10.5 %). EUS more accurately detected biliary stones whereas MRCP identified pancreatic duct abnormalities, such as intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas or chronic pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS The combination of EUS and MRCP, when performed later after idiopathic acute pancreatitis, revealed 50 % of etiologies. The association of these two procedures and the subsequent follow-up reduced the rate of idiopathic pancreatitis by ~66 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldine Thevenot
- Department of Gastroenterology, CHU Toulouse, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
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IAP/APA evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2013; 13:e1-15. [PMID: 24054878 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2013.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1002] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been substantial improvements in the management of acute pancreatitis since the publication of the International Association of Pancreatology (IAP) treatment guidelines in 2002. A collaboration of the IAP and the American Pancreatic Association (APA) was undertaken to revise these guidelines using an evidence-based approach. METHODS Twelve multidisciplinary review groups performed systematic literature reviews to answer 38 predefined clinical questions. Recommendations were graded using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. The review groups presented their recommendations during the 2012 joint IAP/APA meeting. At this one-day, interactive conference, relevant remarks were voiced and overall agreement on each recommendation was quantified using plenary voting. RESULTS The 38 recommendations covered 12 topics related to the clinical management of acute pancreatitis: A) diagnosis of acute pancreatitis and etiology, B) prognostication/predicting severity, C) imaging, D) fluid therapy, E) intensive care management, F) preventing infectious complications, G) nutritional support, H) biliary tract management, I) indications for intervention in necrotizing pancreatitis, J) timing of intervention in necrotizing pancreatitis, K) intervention strategies in necrotizing pancreatitis, and L) timing of cholecystectomy. Using the GRADE system, 21 of the 38 (55%) recommendations, were rated as 'strong' and plenary voting revealed 'strong agreement' for 34 (89%) recommendations. CONCLUSIONS The 2012 IAP/APA guidelines provide recommendations concerning key aspects of medical and surgical management of acute pancreatitis based on the currently available evidence. These recommendations should serve as a reference standard for current management and guide future clinical research on acute pancreatitis.
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Coté GA, Imperiale TF, Schmidt SE, Fogel E, Lehman G, McHenry L, Watkins J, Sherman S. Similar efficacies of biliary, with or without pancreatic, sphincterotomy in treatment of idiopathic recurrent acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:1502-1509.e1. [PMID: 22982183 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The role of sphincter of Oddi manometry (SOM) in the management of patients with idiopathic recurrent acute pancreatitis requires clarification. We evaluated the therapeutic effects of endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with recurrent acute pancreatitis and the prognostic significance of pancreatic sphincter dysfunction (SOD). METHODS We performed a randomized trial of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with SOM for patients with idiopathic recurrent acute pancreatitis. Patients with pancreatic SOD (n = 69) were assigned randomly to groups that received only biliary sphincterotomy (BES) or a combination of biliary and pancreatic sphincterotomy (DES); patients who underwent normal SOM (n = 20) were assigned randomly to groups that received BES or a sham surgery. The primary outcome was incidence of recurrent acute pancreatitis during the follow-up period (minimum, 1 year; maximum, 10 years). We also determined the incidence of chronic pancreatitis and analyzed factors associated with recurrence of acute pancreatitis. RESULTS Among the 69 patients with SOD, 48.5% who received BES and 47.2% who received DES had recurrent acute pancreatitis (95% confidence interval, -22.3 to 24.9; P = 1.0). In patients with normal SOM (n = 20), 27.3% of those who received BES and 11.1% of those who received the sham surgery had recurrent acute pancreatitis (95% confidence interval, -49.5 to 17.2; P = .59). Overall, 16.9% of subjects developed chronic pancreatitis during a median follow-up period of 78 months (interquartile range, 35-108 mo). The odds of recurrent acute pancreatitis during follow-up evaluation were significantly greater among patients with SOD than those with normal SOM (unadjusted hazard ratio, 3.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-11.4; P < .04), and remained so after adjusting for potential confounders (hazard ratio, 4.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-14.5; P < .02). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with pancreatic SOD, DES and BES have similar effects in preventing recurrence of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic SOD is an independent prognostic factor, identifying patients at higher risk for recurrent acute pancreatitis. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01583517).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Coté
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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Wilcox CM. Endoscopic therapy for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction in idiopathic pancreatitis: from empiric to scientific. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:1423-6. [PMID: 23089546 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Buxbaum J. The role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with pancreatic disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2012; 41:23-45. [PMID: 22341248 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Given the significant risk of pancreatitis and the advent of high-fidelity diagnostic techniques, ERCP is now reserved as a therapeutic procedure for those with pancreatic disease. Early ERCP benefits those with gallstone pancreatitis who present with or develop cholangitis or biliary obstruction. Among those with idiopathic pancreatitis, ERCP may be used to confirm and treat SOD, microlithiasis, and structural anomalies, including pancreas divisum. Pancreatic endotherapy is a consideration to decrease pain in those with pancreatic duct obstruction, although surgical decompression may be more durable, particularly in those with severe disease. Pancreatic duct leaks may respond to endoscopic drainage, but optimal therapy is achieved if a bridging stent can be placed. Finally, using a wire-guided technique and pancreatic duct stents in high-risk patients, particularly in cases of suspected SOD, may minimize the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Buxbaum
- Los Angeles County Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, The University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Zhan X, Guo X, Chen Y, Dong Y, Yu Q, Wang K, Li Z. EUS in exploring the etiology of mild acute biliary pancreatitis with a negative finding of biliary origin by conventional radiological methods. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 26:1500-3. [PMID: 21521366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Conventional radiological methods, including transcutaneous ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) are non-invasive and recommended for the detection of etiologies of acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP). There are still, however, a number of patients whose etiologies cannot be found by these methods. The value of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for this population is still unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of EUS in exploring the unknown etiology of mild ABP. METHODS The data from patients with mild ABP admitted to Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China, from June 2006 to December 2009 were retrospectively collected, and the results of the imaging methods in detecting biliary disorders were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 223 patients with mild ABP underwent both US and CT. Of these, 106 underwent additional MRCP. There were still 37 patients with unknown biliary etiologies, even after the use of the conventional methods mentioned earlier. EUS was conducted in 33 of these patients. Abnormalities associated with the etiology of mild ABP were found in 14 cases (42.4%) confirmed by subsequent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, with biliary stones in 11 cases, biliary sludge in two cases, and ampullary adenocarcinoma in one case. CONCLUSION The results suggest that EUS is helpful in the identification of the etiology of mild biliary pancreatitis when conventional radiological imaging is negative or equivocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbao Zhan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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41
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Kim HS, Moon JH, Choi HJ, Lee JC, Han SH, Hong SJ, Lee TH, Cheon YK, Cho YD, Park SH, Lee MS. The role of intraductal US in the management of idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis without a definite cause on ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73:1148-54. [PMID: 21316049 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2010.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cause of pancreatitis is unknown in as many as 30% of cases of recurrent acute pancreatitis, even after ERCP. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of intraductal US (IDUS) for managing idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis (IRP). DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Tertiary referral hospital. PATIENTS Thirty-one patients with suspicious IRP with negative findings on ERCP. INTERVENTIONS IDUS during ERCP. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS IDUS findings showing any possible cause of pancreatitis. RESULTS IDUS revealed small bile duct stones (≤3 mm) in 5 patients (16.1%) and sludge in 3 patients (9.7%). The detection rate for a bile duct stone and sludge was significantly higher in patients with a dilated CBD than a nondilated CBD on ERCP (71.4 vs 12.5%; P < .05). Recurrent pancreatitis did not develop in 7 of 8 patients with biliary stones or sludge after an endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST). Two patients (6.5%) demonstrated a small polypoid lesion on the distal end of the pancreatic duct. One patient underwent surgery for intra-ampullary cancer, and another one underwent EST without another attack of pancreatitis. Three patients (9.7%) showed evidence of chronic pancreatitis with small pancreatic stones and/or calcifications on IDUS. LIMITATIONS Small number of patients. IDUS results were not compared with those of conventional EUS. There was no reference standard for chronic pancreatitis as diagnosed by IDUS. CONCLUSIONS IDUS identified a possible cause of idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis in 42% of patients with negative findings on ERCP. The IDUS-guided approach combined with ERCP and EST may be useful for decreasing recurring attacks of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Su Kim
- Digestive Disease Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Soon Chun Hyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon and Seoul, Korea
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Prospective comparison of endoscopic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in the etiological diagnosis of "idiopathic" acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 2011; 40:289-94. [PMID: 21206330 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e318201654a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to compare endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in the etiological diagnosis of patients initially diagnosed with idiopathic acute pancreatitis and to determine the clinical and analytical factors related to the end result of these techniques. METHODS Forty-nine patients, initially diagnosed with idiopathic acute pancreatitis, were evaluated prospectively with EUS and MRCP. Diagnoses were compared between the 2 procedures. The clinical-evolutionary characteristics of these patients with regard to the results obtained with these techniques were compared. RESULTS In twenty-eight patients (57%), EUS and/or MRCP diagnosed at least 1 possible cause of acute pancreatitis. The diagnostic yield of EUS was higher than that of MRCP (51% vs 20%; P = 0.001). Cholelithiasis and biliary sludge (24%) were the most frequent EUS diagnoses, and pancreas divisum (8%) was the most frequent MRCP diagnosis. Only in 3 cases (6%) did MRCP identify additional features in patients etiologically undiagnosed using EUS. The EUS yield was lower in patients who had a previous cholecystectomy (11% vs 60%; P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic ultrasonography and MRCP are useful techniques in the etiological diagnosis of acute pancreatitis of nonestablished cause. Endoscopic ultrasonography should be preferred for establishing a possible biliary etiology in patients who have not had a cholecystectomy.
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Kopelman Y, Triadafilopoulos G. Endoscopy in the diagnosis and management of motility disorders. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:635-54. [PMID: 21286936 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal illness may result from either an underlying structural abnormality (e.g. neoplastic obstruction), or a functional disorder (e.g. motor diarrhea), or both (e.g. achalasia with squamous esophageal cancer). AIMS The purpose of this study was to highlight the potential value and role of endoscopy in the recognition and management of patients with functional and motility disorders. METHODS We performed a literature review in PubMed. RESULTS Diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy may be under-used by motility-oriented gastroenterologists; in contrast, motility and other functional studies may be under-used by endoscopists. Yet, many areas of cross-exchange exist. CONCLUSIONS This review aims to guide the appropriate indications for the use of endoscopy in diagnosing and treating functional GI and motility disorders and serve as a bridge and a forum of exchange between endoscopists and motility specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Kopelman
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Pezzilli R, Zerbi A, Di Carlo V, Bassi C, Delle Fave GF. Practical guidelines for acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2010; 10:523-35. [PMID: 20975316 DOI: 10.1159/000314602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The following is a summary of the official guidelines of the Italian Association for the Study of the Pancreas regarding the medical, endoscopic and surgical management of acute pancreatitis. STATEMENTS Clinical features together with elevation of the plasma concentrations of pancreatic enzymes are the cornerstones of diagnosis (recommendation A). Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) provides good evidence for the presence of pancreatitis (recommendation C) and it should be carried out 48-72 h after the onset of symptoms in patients with predicted severe pancreatitis. Severity assessment is essential for the selection of the proper initial treatment in the management of acute pancreatitis (recommendation A) and should be done using the APACHE II score, serum C-reactive protein and CT assessment (recommendation C). The etiology of acute pancreatitis should be able to be determined in at least 80% of cases (recommendation B). An adequate volume of intravenous fluid should be administered promptly to correct the volume deficit and maintain basal fluid requirements (recommendation A); analgesia is crucial for the correct treatment of the disease (recommendation A). Enteral feeding is indicated in severe necrotizing pancreatitis and it is better than total parenteral nutrition (recommendation A). The use of prophylactic broad-spectrum antibiotics reduces infection rates in CT-proven necrotizing pancreatitis (recommendation A). Infected pancreatic necrosis in patients with clinical signs and symptoms of sepsis is an indication for intervention, including surgery and radiological drainage (recommendation B). CONCLUSIONS The participants agreed to revise the guidelines every 3 years in order to re-evaluate each question on the management of acute pancreatitis patients according to the most recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pezzilli
- Department of Digestive Diseases and Internal Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, IT–40138 Bologna, Italy.
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Papanikolaou IS, Karatzas PS, Triantafyllou K, Adler A. Role of pancreatic endoscopic ultrasonography in 2010. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 2:335-43. [PMID: 21160583 PMCID: PMC2999104 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v2.i10.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) was introduced 25 years ago aiming at better visualization of the pancreas compared to transabdominal ultrasonography. This update discusses the current evidence in 2010 concerning the role of EUS in the clinical management of patients with pancreatic disease. Major indications of EUS are: (1) Detection of common bile duct stones (e.g. in acute pancreatitis); (2) Detection of small exo- and endocrine pancreatic tumours; and (3) Performance of fine needle aspiration in pancreatic masses depending on therapeutic consequences. EUS seems to be less useful in cases of chronic pancreatitis and cystic pancreatic lesions. Moreover the constant improvement of computed tomography has limited the role of EUS in pancreatic cancer staging. On the other hand, new therapeutic options are available due to EUS, such as pancreatic cyst drainage and celiac plexus neurolysis, offering a new field in which new techniques may arise. So the main goal of this review is to determine the exact role of EUS in a number of pancreatic and biliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis S Papanikolaou
- Ioannis S Papanikolaou, Pantelis S Karatzas, Konstantinos Triantafyllou, Hepatogastroenterology Unit, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutic, Attikon University General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens 12462, Greece
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A rare mutation in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene in a recurrent pancreatitis patient without respiratory symptoms. Pancreas 2010; 39:686-7. [PMID: 20562583 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3181c65c2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a common disease most frequently caused by gallstone disease or excess alcohol ingestion. Diagnosis is usually based on characteristic symptoms, often in conjunction with elevated serum pancreatic enzymes. Imaging is not always necessary, but may be performed for many reasons, such as to confirm a diagnosis of pancreatitis, rule out other causes of abdominal pain, elucidate the cause of pancreatitis, or to evaluate for complications such as necrosis or pseudocysts. Though the majority of patients will have mild, self-limiting disease, some will develop severe disease associated with organ failure. These patients are at risk to develop complications from ongoing pancreatic inflammation such as pancreatic necrosis, fluid collections, pseudocysts, and pancreatic duct disruption. Validated scoring systems can help predict the severity of pancreatitis, and thus, guide monitoring and intervention.Treatment of acute pancreatitis involves supportive care with fluid replacement, pain control, and controlled initiation of regular food intake. Prophylactic antibiotics are not recommended in acute pancreatitis if there is no evidence of pancreatic infection. In patients who fail to improve, further evaluation is necessary to assess for complications that require intervention such as pseudocysts or pancreatic necrosis. Endoscopy, including ERCP and EUS, and/or cholecystectomy may be indicated in the appropriate clinical setting. Ultimately, the management of the patient with severe acute pancreatitis will require a multidisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Munsell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Endoscopic ultrasound in the evaluation of pancreaticobiliary disorders. Dig Liver Dis 2010; 42:6-15. [PMID: 19665951 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2009.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The close proximity of the endoscopic ultrasound probe to the pancreas coupled with the ability to perform fine needle aspiration has made endoscopic ultrasound an extremely important technique for the evaluation of both benign and malignant pancreaticobiliary disorders. In parallel to the widespread importance of diagnostic endoscopic ultrasound, the therapeutic and interventional applications of this procedure are expanding and may become a major breakthrough in the management of pancreaticobiliary diseases. This article focuses on the utility and recent advances of endoscopic ultrasound in the diagnostic evaluation pancreaticobiliary disorders and analyses the data of well established interventional procedures such as celiac plexus neurolysis and pseudocyst drainage. Moreover, the more innovative procedures, such endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary and pancreatic ducts access and drainage and the experimental use of direct endoscopic ultrasound-guided therapy of both solid and cystic pancreatic lesions will also be reviewed.
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Mariani A, Arcidiacono PG, Curioni S, Giussani A, Testoni PA. Diagnostic yield of ERCP and secretin-enhanced MRCP and EUS in patients with acute recurrent pancreatitis of unknown aetiology. Dig Liver Dis 2009; 41:753-8. [PMID: 19278909 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance cholangio-pancreatography (MRCP), endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), and endoscopic cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) are the most frequently employed second-step procedures to detect biliary and pancreatic abnormalities in patients with acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP) of unknown aetiology. MRCP and EUS both give a better view of the bilio-pancreatic ductal system after secretin stimulation (MRCP-S, EUS-S). EUS also serves to identify changes in the pancreatic parenchyma consistent with chronic pancreatitis, at an early stage. However, no studies have compared MRCP-S, EUS-S, and ERCP in the diagnosis of recurrent pancreatitis. AIM To prospectively compare the diagnostic yield of MRCP-S, EUS-S, and ERCP in the evaluation of patients with acute recurrent pancreatitis with non-dilated ducts, of unknown aetiology. METHODS Forty-four consecutive patients with ARP were prospectively scheduled to undergo MRCP-S, EUS-S and ERCP, in accordance with a standard protocol approved by the institutional review board. Diagnoses such as biliary microlithiasis, congenital variants of the pancreatic ducts, chronic pancreatitis and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction were compared between the three procedures. The diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis was established according to ductal morphology by MRCP-S and ERCP, ductal and parenchymal morphology by EUS-S. RESULTS The three procedures combined achieved a diagnosis that could have explained the recurrence of pancreatitis in 28/44 patients (63.6%). EUS-S recognized ductal and/or parenchymal abnormalities with the highest frequency (35/44 patients, 79.5%). Both MRCP-S and EUS-S were superior to ERCP for detecting pancreatic ductal abnormalities. EUS-S showed up pancreatic parenchymal changes in more than half the cases. Both EUS and MRCP secretin kinetics were concordant in identifying two cases with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic yield of EUS-S in recurrent pancreatitis with non-dilated ducts and unknown aetiology was 13.6% and 16.7% higher than MRCP-S and ERCP respectively (although not significant), which both gave substantially similar diagnostic yields. In no case did ERCP alone find a diagnosis missed by the other two procedures. MRCP-S and EUS-S should both be used in the diagnostic work-up of idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis as complementary, first-line, techniques, instead of ERCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mariani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Both endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) are commonly performed in the evaluation of idiopathic pancreatitis. However, comparative trials of these modalities are lacking, and thus the ideal endoscopic diagnostic strategy to evaluate idiopathic pancreatitis remains unknown. METHODS A decision analysis model of patients with 2 attacks of idiopathic pancreatitis with gallbladder in situ was constructed using TreeAge software. We analyzed cost and overall diagnostic ability of 3 strategies, namely, EUS, ERCP with manometry and bile aspiration, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. RESULTS Using the base case analysis, initial EUS was the preferred initial modality for the diagnosis. The expected cost for initial EUS was $4469 compared with $4615 for ERCP and $6268 for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. For cholecystectomy to be the preferred strategy, the total cost would need to be less than $1314, well below any realistic cost estimate. If the prevalence of microlithiasis/sludge was greater than 80%, then cholecystectomy would be preferred, whereas ERCP would be preferred with a prevalence of less than 41%. CONCLUSIONS This cost minimization study identifies EUS as the least costly initial test for the diagnostic evaluation of patients with idiopathic pancreatitis with gallbladder in situ.
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