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Tang X, Yuan H, Mu X, Gu P, Kong P. Endosonography Elastography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Restaging and Response Assessment of Rectal Cancer After Neoadjuvant Therapy. Ultrasound Q 2024; 40:98-103. [PMID: 38372708 DOI: 10.1097/ruq.0000000000000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective of this academic research is to assess the efficacy of conventional endorectal ultrasound (ERUS), ultrasonic shear wave elastography (SWE), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques in evaluating the impact of neoadjuvant therapy (nCRT). Forty-five patients with advanced low rectal cancer (T ≥ 3) were included. Before and after nCRT, ERUS, SWE, and MRI evaluations were conducted. The T staging of ultrasound (uT) and MRI (mT) were evaluated and compared with the pathological T staging (ypT). The accuracy of the 2 diagnostic methods for T staging, and T downstaging was evaluated. The ultrasound elasticity difference and relative elasticity before and after treatment and pathological T downstaging were compared, and its cutoff value and the area under the curve were assessed. In terms of T staging accuracy after chemoradiotherapy, the values for ERUS, ERUS combined with SWE, and MRI were 64.4%, 71.1%, and 62.2%, respectively. No significant difference was observed among these groups ( P > 0.05). The accuracy of uT downstaging was 84.4%, and that of mT downstaging was 88.9%. The receiver operating characteristic curve of uLD and elastic differences and relative elasticity of T downstaging after treatment were 0.754, 0.817, and 0.886, respectively (all P < 0.05). Both ERUS and MRI can evaluate ypT downstaging. The indicators for evaluating T downstaging are uLD, elasticity difference, and relative elasticity, providing more reference for clinical assessment of nCRT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pengfei Kong
- Anorectal of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
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2
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Karam E, Bucur P, Gil C, Sindayigaya R, Tabchouri N, Barbier L, Pabst-Giger U, Bourlier P, Lecomte T, Moussata D, Chapet S, Calais G, Ouaissi M, Salamé E. Simultaneous or staged resection for synchronous liver metastasis and primary rectal cancer: a propensity score matching analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:201. [PMID: 35448953 PMCID: PMC9026992 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in France and by the time of the diagnosis, 15–25% of patients will suffer from synchronous liver metastases. Surgery associated to neoadjuvant treatment can cure these patients, but few studies focus only on rectal cancer. This study was meant to compare the outcomes of patients who underwent a simultaneous resection to those who underwent a staged resection (rectum first or liver first) in the University Hospital of Tours, France. Methods We assessed retrospectively a prospective maintained data base about the clinical, pathological and survival outcomes of patients who underwent a simultaneous or a staged resection in our center between 2010 and 2018. A propensity score matching was used, considering the initial characteristics of our groups. Results There were 70 patients (55/15 males, female respectively) with median age 60 (54–68) years. After matching 48 (69%) of them underwent a staged approach and 22 (31%) a simultaneous approach were compared. After PSM, there were 22 patients in each group. No differences were found in terms of morbidity (p = 0.210), overall survival (p = 0.517) and disease-free survival (p = 0.691) at 3 years after matching. There were significantly less recurrences in the simultaneous group (50% vs 81.8%, p = 0.026). Conclusions Simultaneous resection of the rectal primary cancer and synchronous liver metastases is safe and feasible with no difference in terms of survival. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12876-022-02250-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Karam
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepato-Biliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, Trousseau Hospital, Avenue de La République, Chambray les Tours, France
| | - Petru Bucur
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepato-Biliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, Trousseau Hospital, Avenue de La République, Chambray les Tours, France
| | - Camille Gil
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepato-Biliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, Trousseau Hospital, Avenue de La République, Chambray les Tours, France
| | - Remy Sindayigaya
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepato-Biliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, Trousseau Hospital, Avenue de La République, Chambray les Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Tabchouri
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepato-Biliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, Trousseau Hospital, Avenue de La République, Chambray les Tours, France
| | - Louise Barbier
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepato-Biliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, Trousseau Hospital, Avenue de La République, Chambray les Tours, France
| | - Urs Pabst-Giger
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunologie, Inflammation, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Pascal Bourlier
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepato-Biliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, Trousseau Hospital, Avenue de La République, Chambray les Tours, France
| | - Thierry Lecomte
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Trousseau Hospital, Chambray les Tours, France
| | - Driffa Moussata
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Trousseau Hospital, Chambray les Tours, France
| | - Sophie Chapet
- Department of Radiotherapy, Bretonneau Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Gilles Calais
- Department of Radiotherapy, Bretonneau Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Mehdi Ouaissi
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepato-Biliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, Trousseau Hospital, Avenue de La République, Chambray les Tours, France.
| | - Ephrem Salamé
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepato-Biliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, Trousseau Hospital, Avenue de La République, Chambray les Tours, France
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Reginelli A, Clemente A, Sangiovanni A, Nardone V, Selvaggi F, Sciaudone G, Ciardiello F, Martinelli E, Grassi R, Cappabianca S. Endorectal Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Rectal Cancer Staging: A Modern Multimodality Approach. J Clin Med 2021; 10:641. [PMID: 33567516 PMCID: PMC7915333 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Preoperative staging represents a crucial point for the management, type of surgery, and candidacy for neoadjuvant therapy in patient with rectal cancer. The most recent clinical guidelines in oncology recommend an accurate preoperative evaluation in order to address early and advanced tumors to different therapeutic options. In particular, potential pitfalls may occur in the assessment of T3 tumors, which represents the most common stage at diagnosis. The depth of tumor invasion is known to be an important prognostic factor in rectal carcinoma; as a consequence, the T3 imaging classification has a substantial importance for treatment strategy and patient survival. However, the differentiation between tumor invasion of perirectal fat and mesorectal desmoplastic reactions remains a main goal for radiologists. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is actually considered as the best imaging modality for rectal cancer staging. Although the endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) is the preferred staging method for early tumors, it could also be useful in identifying perirectal fat invasion. Moreover, the addiction of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) improves the diagnostic performance of MRI in rectal cancer staging by adding functional information about rectal tumor and adjacent mesorectal tissues. This study investigated the diagnostic performance of conventional MRI alone, in combination with the DWI technique and ERUS in order to assess the best diagnostic imaging combination for rectal cancer staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Reginelli
- Radiology and Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (A.S.); (R.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Alfredo Clemente
- Radiology and Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (A.S.); (R.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Angelo Sangiovanni
- Radiology and Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (A.S.); (R.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Valerio Nardone
- Unit of Radiation Oncology, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy;
| | - Francesco Selvaggi
- Colorectal Surgery, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Guido Sciaudone
- Colorectal Surgery, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Erika Martinelli
- Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Roberto Grassi
- Radiology and Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (A.S.); (R.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Salvatore Cappabianca
- Radiology and Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (A.S.); (R.G.); (S.C.)
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Cong Y, Fan Z, Dai Y, Zhang Z, Yan K. Application Value of Shear Wave Elastography in the Evaluation of Tumor Downstaging for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2021; 40:81-89. [PMID: 32648968 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the application value of shear wave elastography in the evaluation of tumor downstaging for locally advanced rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from patients with locally advanced rectal cancer treated in our hospital who received endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) and shear wave elastographic examinations before and after chemoradiotherapy. The cases were grouped according to the postoperative pathologic tumor-staging scores. The lesions were divided into 2 groups: 1 showing and the other not showing tumor downstaging. The efficacy of ERUS in diagnosis of tumor downstaging was calculated. The differences in the mean and maximum values of the Young modulus of the lesions before and after chemoradiotherapy between the groups were calculated and compared. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed by using the differences in the 2 kinds of values of the Young modulus. RESULTS The mean and maximum values of the Young modulus before and after chemoradiotherapy were significantly different (P < .05). The differences in the mean and maximum values of the Young modulus of rectal lesions between groups were statistically significant (P < .05). The results of the receiver operating characteristic curve showed that a difference in the mean value at 34.7 kPa was the optimal diagnostic threshold. Compared with ERUS, this standard showed a significant difference in diagnosis of tumor downstaging (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Shear wave elastography is an effective ultrasound elastographic technique to assist ERUS in evaluating lesions after chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer. It can improve the diagnostic efficacy of tumor downstaging and provide effective imaging conclusions for clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhihui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Ying Dai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Kun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
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5
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Jouppe PO, Courtot L, Sindayigaya R, Moussata D, Barbieux JP, Ouaissi M. Trans-anal total mesorectal excision in low rectal cancers: Preliminary oncological results of a comparative study. J Visc Surg 2020; 159:13-20. [PMID: 33358754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The management of lower rectal cancers is a therapeutic challenge both from the oncological and functional viewpoints. The aim of this study is to assess the oncological results and postoperative morbidity after transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) for low rectal cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this monocentric retrospective study, we compared the quality of carcinologic resection and the morbidity-mortality between a group of 20 patients undergoing TaTME and 21 patients treated by abdomino-perineal resection (APR) between 2016 to 2019. RESULTS More patients had a positive circumferential resection margin (CRM) (≤1mm) in the APR group (47.6% vs. 5%; P<0.0036). The difference in the rates of grades I-II and III-IV complications (Clavien-Dindo classification) between the two groups was not statistically significant (50% vs. 57.1% and 5% vs. 9.5% in TaTME and APR, respectively; P=0.7579, P=1.00). The median follow-up was longer in the TaTME group (20 months vs. 11 months; P=0.58). The local recurrence rate did not differ between the two groups (5% vs. 4.8%; P=1.00) CONCLUSION: TaTME provides a reliable total mesorectal resection with an acceptable CRM. However, like any new technique, it requires experience and the learning curve is long.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-O Jouppe
- Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Surgery, Trousseau Hospital, CHU de Tours, avenue de la République, Chambray-les-Tours, France
| | - L Courtot
- Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Surgery, Trousseau Hospital, CHU de Tours, avenue de la République, Chambray-les-Tours, France
| | - R Sindayigaya
- Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Surgery, Trousseau Hospital, CHU de Tours, avenue de la République, Chambray-les-Tours, France
| | - D Moussata
- Gastroenterology Department, Trousseau Hospital, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - J-P Barbieux
- Gastroenterology Department, Trousseau Hospital, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - M Ouaissi
- Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Surgery, Trousseau Hospital, CHU de Tours, avenue de la République, Chambray-les-Tours, France.
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Jiang AC, Panara A, Yan Y, Rao SSC. Assessing Anorectal Function in Constipation and Fecal Incontinence. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2020; 49:589-606. [PMID: 32718572 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Constipation and fecal incontinence are commonly encountered complaints in the gastrointestinal clinic. Assessment of anorectal function includes comprehensive history, rectal examination, and prospective stool diary or electronic App diary that accurately captures bowel symptoms, evaluation of severity, and quality of life of measure. Evaluation of a suspected patient with dyssynergic constipation includes anorectal manometry, balloon expulsion test, and defecography. Investigation of a suspected patient with fecal incontinence includes high-resolution anorectal manometry; anal ultrasound or MRI; and neurophysiology tests, such as translumbosacral anorectal magnetic stimulation or pudendal nerve latency. This article provides an approach to the assessment of anorectal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice C Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 600 S Paulina St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ami Panara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, 1601 NW 12th Ave, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yun Yan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Satish S C Rao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Augusta University Medical Center, 1120 15th Street, AD 2226, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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7
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Endorectal ultrasound in the identification of rectal tumors for transanal endoscopic surgery: factors influencing its accuracy. Surg Endosc 2017; 32:2831-2838. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-017-5988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Garcés-Albir M, García-Botello SA, Espi A, Pla-Martí V, Martin-Arevalo J, Moro-Valdezate D, Ortega J. Three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound for diagnosis of perianal fistulas: Reliable and objective technique. World J Gastrointest Surg 2016; 8:513-520. [PMID: 27462394 PMCID: PMC4942752 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v8.i7.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate accuracy of three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound (3D-EAUS) as compared to 2D-EAUS and physical examination (PE) in diagnosis of perianal fistulas and correlate with intraoperative findings.
METHODS: A prospective observational consecutive study was performed with patients included over a two years period. All patients were studied and operated on by the Colorectal Unit surgeons. The inclusion criteria were patients over 18, diagnosed with a criptoglandular perianal fistula. The PE, 2D-EAUS and 3D-EAUS was performed preoperatively by the same colorectal surgeon at the outpatient clinic prior to surgery and the fistula anatomy was defined and they were classified in intersphincteric, high or low transsphincteric, suprasphincteric and extrasphincteric. Special attention was paid to the presence of a secondary tract, the location of the internal opening (IO) and the site of external opening. The results of these different examinations were compared to the intraoperative findings. Data regarding location of the IO, primary tract, secondary tract, and the presence of abscesses or cavities was analysed.
RESULTS: Seventy patients with a mean age of 47 years (range 21-77), 51 male were included. Low transsphincteric fistulas were the most frequent type found (33, 47.1%) followed by high transsphincteric (24, 34.3%) and intersphincteric fistulas (13, 18.6%). There are no significant differences between the number of IO diagnosed by the different techniques employed and surgery (P > 0.05) and, there is a good concordance between intraoperative findings and the 2D-EAUS (k = 0.67) and 3D-EAUS (k = 0.75) for the diagnosis of the primary tract. The ROC curves for the diagnosis of transsphincteric fistulas show that both ultrasound techniques are adequate for the diagnosis of low transsphincteric fistulas, 3D-EAUS is superior for the diagnosis of high transsphincteric fistulas and PE is weak for the diagnosis of both types.
CONCLUSION: 3D-EAUS shows a higher accuracy than 2D-EAUS for assessing height of primary tract in transsphincteric fistulas. Both techniques show a good concordance with intraoperative finding for diagnosis of primary tracts.
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Abstract
The optimal management of rectal cancer is achieved through a shared multidisciplinary decision making process with accurate staging by imaging being critical for treatment planning. Good quality, high-resolution MRI has become the imaging gold standard as it allows consistent staging and stratification of patients into distinct prognostic groups according to MR-findings. Imaging features other than T and N have been proven to influence patient outcomes, and increasingly these features are taken into consideration when determining treatment options: distance of tumour to the potential circumferential margin (CRM), presence of tumour within the extramural rectal vessels (EMVI), discontinuous tumour deposits (N1c), relationship to the intersphincteric plane in low rectal tumours and to pelvic compartments in advanced disease. The presence or absence of proven adverse MR features should be included in the MRI report and shared with the patient when treatment choices are offered. MRI enables the identification of high risk tumours where the use of neoadjuvant therapy is justified and is a robust method of identifying patients with a strong likelihood of complete response after preoperative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Balyasnikova
- />Colorectal Imaging Group, The Royal Marsden Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5PT UK
- />Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- />The N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Kashirskoye Shosse 24, Moscow, 15478 Russia
- />The State Scientific Center of Coloproctology, ul. Saliama Adilia 2, Moscow, 123423 Russia
| | - Gina Brown
- />Colorectal Imaging Group, The Royal Marsden Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5PT UK
- />Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
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Restivo A, Zorcolo L, Marongiu L, Scintu F, Casula G. Limits of endorectal ultrasound in tailoring treatment of patients with rectal cancer. Dig Surg 2015; 32:129-34. [PMID: 25791387 DOI: 10.1159/000375537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) is considered reliable in staging rectal cancer, but recently some critics have questioned its accuracy. The aim of this study was to evaluate how often an ERUS-based decision leads to an appropriate treatment. METHODS Two hundred and twenty patients with rectal cancer staged with ERUS who underwent a surgical resection or a local excision without neoadjuvant therapy from 1997 to 2012 were included. According to ERUS, patients were divided into three groups of indication: (a) local excision (Tis-1 N0), (b) direct surgery (T2 N0), (c) preoperative chemoradiation (T3-4 or N+). Accuracy was explored by the correlation established with the final pathology. RESULTS Accuracy for T and N staging was 65 and 64%, respectively. Indication to local excision and to chemoradiation was correct in 97 and 88% of patients staged by ERUS. Accuracy of indication to direct surgery was poor (37%), and 21% of patients were overtreated in this group. CONCLUSIONS ERUS seems not able to fulfill all the needs of ideal tailored therapeutic strategies. T2 diagnosis needs to be confirmed by an excisional biopsy before a final decision is made because overstaging of early tumors may occur in a not-so-negligible proportion of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Restivo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Colorectal Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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11
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Young PE, Womeldorph CM, Johnson EK, Maykel JA, Brucher B, Stojadinovic A, Avital I, Nissan A, Steele SR. Early detection of colorectal cancer recurrence in patients undergoing surgery with curative intent: current status and challenges. J Cancer 2014; 5:262-71. [PMID: 24790654 PMCID: PMC3982039 DOI: 10.7150/jca.7988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy, attention to proper surgical technique, and improved pathological staging for both the primary and metastatic lesions, almost half of all colorectal cancer patients will develop recurrent disease. More concerning, this includes ~25% of patients with theoretically curable node-negative, non-metastatic Stage I and II disease. Given the annual incidence of colorectal cancer, approximately 150,000 new patients are candidates each year for follow-up surveillance. When combined with the greater population already enrolled in a surveillance protocol, this translates to a tremendous number of patients at risk for recurrence. It is therefore imperative that strategies aim for detection of recurrence as early as possible to allow initiation of treatment that may still result in cure. Yet, controversy exists regarding the optimal surveillance strategy (high-intensity vs. traditional), ideal testing regimen, and overall effectiveness. While benefits may involve earlier detection of recurrence, psychological welfare improvement, and greater overall survival, this must be weighed against the potential disadvantages including more invasive tests, higher rates of reoperation, and increased costs. In this review, we will examine the current options available and challenges surrounding colorectal cancer surveillance and early detection of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick. E. Young
- 1. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- 3. Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Craig M. Womeldorph
- 2. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- 3. Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric K. Johnson
- 4. Department of Surgery, Madigan Army Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Justin A. Maykel
- 5. Division of Colorectal Surgery, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Aviram Nissan
- 7. Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Scott R. Steele
- 4. Department of Surgery, Madigan Army Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
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12
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Peng HH, You KY, Wang CT, Huang R, Shan HB, Zhou JH, Pei XQ, Gao YH, Wen BX, Liu MZ. Value of transrectal ultrasonography for tumor node metastasis restaging in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2013; 1:186-92. [PMID: 24759964 PMCID: PMC3937995 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/got028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the value of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) for tumor node metastasis (TNM) restaging for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (neo-CRT). METHODS One hundred and forty-nine patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (cT3-4 or cN+) who underwent TRUS after neo-CRT were retrospectively reviewed. TRUS restaging was compared with the results of post-operative pathological TNM findings. RESULTS After neo-CRT, the accuracy of TRUS for diagnosing T-staging was 30.9%, with 60.4% (90/149) of cases overestimated. The sensitivity of TRUS for T-staging (T0 vs T1 vs T2 vs T3 vs T4) were 16.3%, 0%, 12.5%, 42.6% and 75.0%, respectively. The accuracy of TRUS for diagnosing N-staging after neo-CRT was 81.2%, with the sensitivities of N0 and N+ were 93.3% and 31.0%, respectively. After neo-CRT, 27.5% (41/149) of patients achieved pathologically complete response (pCR). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values of TRUS for pCR were 17.1%, 99.1%, 87.5% and 75.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS TRUS can be applied for restaging T4 and N0, and has potential for screening out patients with pCR in those with locally advanced rectal cancer after neo-CRT, although some stages are overestimated for T-staging and its sensitivity for predicting pCR is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hua Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, Department of Radiotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China, Department of Endoscopy and Laser, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China and Department of Ultrasonography, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China
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Haji A, Ryan S, Bjarnason I, Donaldson N, Papagrigoriadis S. Colonoscopic high frequency mini-probe ultrasound is more accurate than conventional computed tomography in the local staging of colonic cancer. Colorectal Dis 2012; 14:953-9. [PMID: 22053753 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2011.02871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Colonoscopic high frequency mini-probe ultrasound was compared prospectively with CT in the local staging of colonic cancer. METHOD Consecutive patients undergoing surgical resection for colonic cancer were recruited. Preoperative 64-slice CT staging with multiplanar reconstruction was compared with colonoscopic high frequency mini-probe ultrasound using 12 MHz and 20 MHz probes. The three methods of staging (CT, 12 MHz ultrasound and 20 MHz ultrasound) were compared with the histological stage of the resected specimen. This was done using weighted kappa coefficients where weights of 0.7-0.8 were given to penalize disagreements of one level in either direction and weights of zero were given to penalize disagreements of more than one level in any direction. RESULTS In total, 38 patients with colonic cancer were included. They were located in the sigmoid (n = 20), descending (n = 5), ascending (n = 2) and transverse colon (n = 1) and in the caecum (n = 7) and splenic (n = 2) and hepatic (n = 1) flexure. Histopathological assessment revealed seven pT1, four pT2, 25 pT3 and two pT4 cancers. In relation to the pathology the weighted kappa coefficients were 0.36 (SE = 0.14), 0.81 (SE = 0.16) and 0.81 (SE = 0.17) for CT, ultrasound 12 MHz and ultrasound 20 MHz. Histopathologically 15 (39.5%) patients were lymph node positive. The sensitivity, specificity and kappa coefficient for detection of nodal disease for CT were 80%, 47.8% and 0.25 (SE = 0.14) compared with 80%, 82.5% and 0.62 for 12 MHz ultrasound (SD = 0.14) and 23%, 90.5% and 0.15 (SD = 0.13) for 20 MHz ultrasound. CONCLUSION Colonoscopic ultrasound is significantly more accurate than CT for T staging of colonic cancers. With respect to nodal status, 12 MHz ultrasound offers superior accuracy to CT or 20 MHz ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Haji
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
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14
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Management and outcome of local recurrence following transanal endoscopic microsurgery for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2012; 55:262-9. [PMID: 22469792 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0b013e318241ef22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is a faster and safer alternative to traditional surgical treatment of adenomas and low-risk (T1) rectal tumors. However, although overall survival appears similar, transanal endoscopic microsurgery has been shown to have higher recurrence rates. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the management of patients with local recurrence after transanal endoscopic microsurgery and to evaluate their long-term outcome. DESIGN This study was a retrospective review of medical records. SETTING Patients were treated at a large tertiary-care hospital in Rome, Italy, between 1990 and 2011. PATIENTS Of 298 patients who underwent local excision with transanal endoscopic microsurgery, 144 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma were included in the study. INTERVENTION Local excision was performed with transanal endoscopic microsurgery. In all cases complete full-thickness excision was attempted. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Patient characteristics, operative record, pathology report, and tumor recurrence were analyzed. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meyer method and groups were compared with the log-rank test. RESULTS Tumors were classified as pT1 in 86 patients (59.7%), pT2 in 38 (26.4%), and pT3 in 20 (13.9%). Median follow-up was 85 (range, 3-234) months. Median time to recurrence was 11.5 (range, 1-62) months; 44 patients had local or distal recurrence or both. The rate of local recurrence for patients with pT1 tumors was 11.6% (10/86). A total of 27 patients (18.8%) with local recurrence were eligible for salvage surgery: 17 had radical salvage resection, 9 had transanal re-excision, and 1 refused surgery. Overall 5-year survival was 83% in all 144 patients, and 92% in patients with pT1 tumors. The overall 5-year survival rate was higher in patients who had the radical salvage procedure than in those who had transanal re-excision (69% vs 43%; p = 0.05). LIMITATIONS The study was limited by its retrospective nature, lack of technology at the beginning of the study, and the mixed nature of the study group. CONCLUSIONS The outcome after transanal excision for rectal cancer depends on close surveillance for early detection of recurrence. In patients able to undergo surgery, endoluminal or pelvic recurrence should be treated with an immediate radical salvage operation. Overall long-term survival after local excision with transanal endoscopic microsurgery followed by radical salvage surgery in cases of local recurrence is comparable to overall survival after initial radical surgery.
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Abstract
ERUS and MRI should be seen more as complementary rather than competitive techniques. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses. ERUS is better in showing the tumor extent in small superficial tumors, whereas MRI is superior in imaging the more advanced tumors. The choice of imaging technique depends also on the amount of information that is required for choosing certain treatment strategies, like the distance to the mesorectal fascia for a short course of preoperative radiotherapy. For lymph node imaging, both techniques are at present only moderately accurate, although this could change with advances in new MR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geerard L Beets
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Garcés Albir M, García Botello S, Esclápez Valero P, Sanahuja Santafé A, Espí Macías A, Flor Lorente B, García-Granero E. [Evaluation of three-dimensional endoanal endosonography of perianal fistulas and correlation with surgical findings]. Cir Esp 2010; 87:299-305. [PMID: 20392442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ciresp.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the accuracy of three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound (3D-US), two-dimensional ultrasound (2D-US) and physical examination (PE) for the diagnosis of perianal fistulas and correlate the results with intraoperative findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective, observational study with consecutive inclusion of patients was performed between December 2008 and August 2009. Twenty-nine patients diagnosed with a perianal fistula due to undergo surgery were included. All patients underwent PE, 2D-US and 3D-US, and the results were compared to intraoperative findings. The examinations were repeated with hydrogen peroxide instilled through the external opening. RESULTS Internal opening (IO): no significant differences with regards to the number of IO diagnosed by PE and 2D-US or 3D-US (P>0.05). Primary tract: good concordance between 3D US and surgery (k=0.61), and this was higher than any of the other techniques used (PE: k=0.41; 2D-US: k=0.56). Secondary tracts: both 2D and 3D-US show good concordance with surgery (86%, k=0.66; 90%, k=0.73, respectively). Abscesses/cavities: The ultrasound examinations showed a moderate concordance with surgery (k=0.438, k=0.540, respectively). CONCLUSIONS 3D-US shows a higher diagnostic accuracy than 2D-US when compared with surgery to estimate primary fistula height in transphincteric fistulas. 3D-US shows good concordance with surgery for diagnosing primary and secondary tracts and a high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of the IO. There was a tendency to overestimate fistula height with 2D-US as shown by the lower specificity of 2D-US for the diagnosis of high transphincteric fistulas and lower sensitivity of 2D-US for low transphincteric fistulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Garcés Albir
- Unidad de Coloproctología, Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Clínico Universitari, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) has become an integral part of the assessment of rectal tumors. It provides information about the depth of invasion and lymph node status which in turn is used in devising a management plan. It is important therefore that accurate interpretation of these studies is achieved. The aim of this study was to assess how accurately we interpret ERUS. STUDY DESIGN A collection of 26 ERUS images were compiled and confirmed by two experienced colorectal sonographers. The survey was sent to 100 ASCRS members practicing at institutions with residency programs in colorectal surgery in USA and Canada. Two separate mailings were sent. Participants were asked to allocate a T and N stage to each of the images. Their responses were compared with pathology results. RESULTS Twenty five surveys were returned, 23 were completed. Thirteen respondents reported performing ERUS themselves, on average performing three examinations per month (range, 1-8). The mean duration of practice was 11.2 years (range, 0-26). The mean number of rectal cancer cases managed over a 12-month period was 25 (range, 10-75). T stage was accurately reported in 38-69%. CONCLUSIONS If we continue to rely on ERUS as an important step in staging rectal cancer further education may be needed to improve overall interpretation.
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18
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Esclapez P, Garcia-Granero E, Flor B, García-Botello S, Cervantes A, Navarro S, Lledó S. Prognostic heterogeneity of endosonographic T3 rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2009; 52:685-91. [PMID: 19404075 DOI: 10.1007/dcr.0b013e31819ed03d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the prognostic implications of uT3 rectal carcinomas according to the tumor thickness and to analyze the correlation between this ultrasound-based parameter and other prognostic factors. METHODS Seventy-four patients with uT3(pM0) rectal tumors underwent primary surgery from 1996 to 2003. Preoperative endorectal ultrasound was used to assess uN stage, maximum tumor perimeter, and maximum tumor thickness. An ultrasound maximum tumor thickness cutoff point for local recurrence subdividing T3 tumors into uT3a and uT3b was established. RESULTS Median follow-up was 41 months (range, 24-59). The 5-year actuarial local and overall recurrence rates were 9.82 percent (n = 7) and 42.46 percent (n = 23), respectively. uN stage(P = 0.05), circumferential resection margin involvement (P = 0.002), an ultrasound maximum tumor thickness (P = 0.01), and locally advanced tumors (P = 0.001) were related to a significantly increased risk of local recurrence. An ultrasound maximum tumor thickness (hazard ratio, 1.15; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.0-1.2) and locally advanced tumor (hazard ratio, 17.21; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.99-98.84) were preoperative independent variables for predicting local recurrence. Locally advanced tumor was the only preoperative independent prognostic factor for overall recurrence (P = 0.004; hazard ratio, 1.09; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.0-1.1). An ultrasound maximum tumor thickness with a 19-mm cutoff point, subdividing the T3 tumors into uT3a and uT3b, can be used to predict local recurrence. Locally advanced tumors (P = 0.02) and circumferential resection margin involvement (P = 0.005) showed a significant association with an ultrasound maximum tumor thickness >19 mm. CONCLUSIONS A maximum tumor thickness measured by endorectal ultrasound in pT3 rectal cancer is an independent prognostic factor for local and overall recurrence. An ultrasound maximum tumor thickness cutoff point of 19 mm may be useful to classify patients preoperatively and to select them for primary surgery or neoadjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Esclapez
- Coloproctology Unit, Multidisciplinary Rectal Cancer Team, Hospital Clinico, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Zorcolo L, Fantola G, Cabras F, Marongiu L, D’Alia G, Casula G. Preoperative staging of patients with rectal tumors suitable for transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM): comparison of endorectal ultrasound and histopathologic findings. Surg Endosc 2009; 23:1384-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-009-0349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Chun HK, Cho YB, Lee YJ. Rectal Cancer: Preoperative Staging Using Endorectal Ultrasonography (Methodology). COLORECTAL CANCER 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9545-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Huh JW, Park YA, Jung EJ, Lee KY, Sohn SK. Accuracy of endorectal ultrasonography and computed tomography for restaging rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiation. J Am Coll Surg 2008; 207:7-12. [PMID: 18589355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative restaging of irradiated rectal cancer is essential for the planning of optimal therapy. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of endorectal ultrasonography (ERUS) and CT in restaging rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiation and to evaluate the factors affecting the accuracy of ERUS. STUDY DESIGN Eighty-three patients with initial, locally advanced rectal cancer were prospectively evaluated by ERUS (n=60) and CT (n=80) after preoperative chemoradiation and just before surgery. All patients then underwent subsequent surgical resection and complete pathologic staging. RESULTS In restaging the depth of invasion, the overall accuracy was 38.3% (23 of 60) by ERUS and 46.3% (37 of 80) by CT. Overstaging was more common than understaging with both imaging modalities. Accuracy for restaging lymph node metastasis was 72.6% (37 of 51) by ERUS and 70.4% (50 of 71) by CT. The predictive value of node-negative cases by ERUS was somewhat lower than that of CT (81.1% versus 85.4%, respectively). Complete pathology-proved remission was not correctly predicted in any of the 11 patients by any imaging modalities. Pathologic T and N staging correlated with the staging accuracy of ERUS (p=0.028 and p=0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS ERUS and CT may allow good prediction of node-negative rectal cancers, although they are inaccurate modalities for predicting treatment response on the rectal wall. New methods of interpretation and diagnostic criteria for ERUS and CT are essential for increasing the accuracy of cancer prediction in at-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Wook Huh
- Department of Surgery, Yongdong Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
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Leibold T, Shia J, Ruo L, Minsky BD, Akhurst T, Gollub MJ, Ginsberg MS, Larson S, Riedel E, Wong WD, Guillem JG. Prognostic implications of the distribution of lymph node metastases in rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:2106-11. [PMID: 18362367 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.12.7704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE After preoperative chemoradiotherapy of rectal cancer, the number of retrievable and metastatic lymph nodes is decreased. The current TNM classification is based on number and not location of lymph node metastases and may understage disease after chemoradiotherapy. The aim of this study was to examine the prognostic significance of location of involved lymph nodes in rectal cancer patients after preoperative chemoradiotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We prospectively examined whole-mount specimens from 121 patients with uT3-4 and/or N+ rectal cancer who received preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by resection. Location of involved lymph nodes was compared with median number of lymph nodes involved as well as presence of distant metastasis at presentation. RESULTS Lymph node metastases were detected in 37 patients (31%). Thirteen patients with lymph node involvement along major supplying vessels (proximal lymph node metastases) had a significantly higher rate of distant metastatic disease at time of surgery than patients without proximal lymph node involvement (P < .001); median number of lymph nodes involved was two for patients with proximal lymph node metastases and 1.5 for patients with mesorectal lymph node involvement alone. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that, after preoperative chemoradiotherapy, proximal lymph node involvement is associated with a high incidence of metastatic disease at time of surgery. Because the median number of involved lymph nodes is low after preoperative chemoradiotherapy, the TNM staging system may not provide an accurate assessment of metastatic disease. Therefore, the ypTNM staging system should incorporate distribution as well as number of lymph node metastases after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Leibold
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, Room C-1077, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Landmann RG, Wong WD, Hoepfl J, Shia J, Guillem JG, Temple LK, Paty PB, Weiser MR. Limitations of early rectal cancer nodal staging may explain failure after local excision. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50:1520-5. [PMID: 17674104 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-007-9019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Successful selection of patients with rectal cancer for local excision requires accurate preoperative lymph node staging. Although endorectal ultrasound is capable of detecting locally advanced disease, its ability to correctly identify nodal metastases in early rectal lesions is less well described. This study examines the accuracy of endorectal ultrasound in determining nodal stage based on depth of penetration of the primary lesion (T stage). Between 1998 and 2003, endorectal ultrasound was performed on 938 consecutive patients; 134 had biopsy-proven rectal cancers and were treated with radical resection, without neoadjuvant therapy. Lymph node metastases were measured pathologically and correlated with endorectal ultrasound and clinicopathologic features. Accuracy and specificity of endorectal ultrasound nodal staging was determined. The overall accuracy of endorectal ultrasound nodal staging for the study cohort was 70 percent, with a 16 percent false-positive rate and 14 percent false-negative rate. Endorectal ultrasound was more likely to overlook small metastatic lymph node deposits. The size of lymph node metastasis and accuracy of endorectal ultrasound nodal staging was related to T stage. The specificity of endorectal ultrasound nodal staging, or the ability to identify patients who were node-negative, was dependent on T stage. Early rectal lesions are more likely to have lymph node micrometastases not detected by endorectal ultrasound. The ability of endorectal ultrasound to correctly identify patients without lymph node metastasis is dependent on the T stage of the primary lesion. The limitations of endorectal ultrasound in accurately staging nodal disease in early rectal lesions may, in part, explain the relatively high recurrence rates seen after local excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron G Landmann
- Colorectal Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Santoro GA, Fortling B. The advantages of volume rendering in three-dimensional endosonography of the anorectum. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50:359-368. [PMID: 17237912 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-006-0767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Anorectal diseases require imaging for proper case management. At present, endoanal ultrasonography and endorectal ultrasonography have become important parts of diagnostic workup of patients with fecal incontinence, perianal fistulas, and rectal cancer and provides sufficient information for clinical decision-making in many cases. However, with the currently available ultrasonographic equipment and techniques, a good deal of relevant information may remain hidden. The advent of high-resolution three-dimensional endoluminal ultrasound, constructed from a synthesis of standard two-dimensional cross-sectional images, and of "Volume Render Mode," a technique to analyze information inside a three-dimensional volume by digitally enhancing individual voxels, promises to revolutionize diagnosis of pelvic floor disorders. By use of the different postprocessing display parameters, the volume-rendered image provides better visualization performance when there are not large differences in the signal levels of pathologic structures compared with surrounding tissues. The anatomic structures in the pelvis, the axial and longitudinal extension of anal sphincter defects, the anatomy of the fistulous tract in complex perianal sepsis, and the presence of slight or massive submucosal invasion in early rectal cancer may be imaged in greater detail. This additional information will bring an improvement for both planning and conduct of surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio A Santoro
- Section of Anal Physiology and Ultrasound, Coloproctology Service, Department of Surgery, Regional Hospital, Treviso, Italy.
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Abstract
Preoperative staging of rectal cancer can influence the choice of surgery and the use of neoadjuvant therapy. This review evaluates the use of endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the local staging of rectal cancer. Staging for distant metastases is beyond the scope of this review. A MEDLINE search for published work in English between 1984-2004 was carried out by entering the key words of ERUS, MRI and preoperative imaging and rectal cancer. Initially, 867 articles were retrieved. Abstracts were reviewed and papers selected according to the inclusion criteria of a minimum of 50 patients and papers published in English. Papers focusing on preoperative chemoradiotherapy and distal metastases were excluded. Thirty-one papers were included in the systematic review. The examination techniques and images obtained are discussed and the respective accuracy is reviewed. ERUS and MRI have complementary roles in the assessment of tumour depth. Ultrasound has an overall accuracy of 82% (T1, 2, 40-100%; T3, 4, 25-100%) and is particularly useful for early localized rectal cancers. MRI has an accuracy of 76% (T1, 2, 29-80%; T3, 4, 0-100%) and is useful in more advanced disease by providing clearer definition of the mesorectum and mesorectal fascia. Both methods have similar accuracy in the assessment of nodal metastases. Ultrasound is more operator dependent and accuracies improve with experience, but it is more portable and accessible than MRI. Improvements in technology and increased operator experience have led to more accurate preoperative staging. ERUS and MRI are complementary and are most accurate for early localized cancers and more advanced cancers, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita R Skandarajah
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Melbourne and Epworth Hospitals, Australia
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Abstract
Screening of asymptomatic average-risk patients for presence of colon cancer and early detection in precursor stages is of great interest to general population. Comprehensive evaluation of symptomatic or high-risk patients represents another important clinical focus. Available techniques for total colon imaging, rectal cancer staging and the role of positron emission tomography are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wald
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, 41 Mall Road, Burlington, MA 01805, USA.
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Stipa F, Chessin DB, Shia J, Paty PB, Weiser M, Temple LKF, Minsky BD, Wong WD, Guillem JG. A pathologic complete response of rectal cancer to preoperative combined-modality therapy results in improved oncological outcome compared with those who achieve no downstaging on the basis of preoperative endorectal ultrasonography. Ann Surg Oncol 2006; 13:1047-53. [PMID: 16865595 DOI: 10.1245/aso.2006.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative combined-modality therapy (CMT) is the preferred treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer (endorectal ultrasonography [ERUS] T3-4, N1, or clinically bulky) and achieves a pathologic complete response (pCR) in 4% to 33% of patients. However, the prognostic significance of pCR remains unclear. METHODS A prospectively collected database was queried to identify 200 patients with locally advanced disease treated from 1992 to 2002. The pCR group was defined as having no evidence of viable tumor on pathologic analysis. The no-downstaging group was defined as no difference between the pre-CMT ERUS stage and the pathologic stage. Those achieving some downstaging but not pCR were excluded. Patients were treated with CMT (5040 cGy of radiation and 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy) followed by surgery, and 51 (85%) in the pCR group and 129 (92%) in the no-downstaging group (P = .1) received postoperative chemotherapy. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined by using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS The median follow-up was 38.6 months (range, 18.2-124.9 months). The pCR (n = 60) and control (n = 140) groups were similar in age (P = .6), sex (P = .4), distance of the tumor from the anal verge (P = .3), pre-CMT ERUS stage (P = .2), and comorbidities (P = .2). The 5-year RFS was 96% and 54% in the pCR and control groups, respectively (P < .00001); the 5-year OS was 90% and 68% (P = .009). Sphincter-preservation rates were higher in the pCR group (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS Rectal cancer patients with pCR after preoperative CMT have improved RFS, OS, and sphincter preservation compared with patients without downstaging. Because pCR seems to be associated with better outcome, an understanding of the factors governing the response to CMT should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Stipa
- Department of Surgery-Colorectal Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Room C-1077, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Bahr A, de Parades V, Gadonneix P, Etienney I, Salet-Lizée D, Villet R, Atienza P. Endorectal ultrasonography in predicting rectal wall infiltration in patients with deep pelvic endometriosis: a modern tool for an ancient disease. Dis Colon Rectum 2006; 49:869-75. [PMID: 16583293 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-006-0501-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the validity of endorectal ultrasonography in predicting rectal infiltration in patients with deep pelvic endometriosis. METHODS Patients were recruited consecutively in the Department of Surgical Gynecology of Diaconesses Hospital from April 1996 to July 2003. Inclusion criteria were the suspicion of deep pelvic endometriosis on the basis of outpatient history and/or clinical symptoms with a mass palpable on bimanual examination that might infiltrate the rectal wall. There were no exclusion criteria. Endorectal ultrasonography was performed by the same investigator with a 7.5-MHz to 10-MHz rigid probe, producing a 360 degrees view of the rectal wall and adjacent areas. We used surgical and histopathologic findings as the "gold standard" to evaluate the validity of endorectal ultrasonography. RESULTS This study was based on 37 patients (mean age, 35.8 (range, 26-46) years) who underwent surgery. The time between endorectal ultrasonography and surgery ranged from 4 to 529 (mean, 88.7) days. Eight patients had endometriosis nodules penetrating the rectal wall. Endorectal ultrasonography showed sensitivity, specificity, a positive predictive value, and a negative predictive value of 87.5, 97, 87.5, and 97 percent, respectively, in the diagnosis of infiltration of the rectal wall by endometriosis. CONCLUSIONS Endorectal ultrasonography is a reliable technique for visualizing rectal infiltration in patients with deep pelvic endometriosis. It should be more widely used by gynecologists because knowing about rectal infiltration before surgery is fundamental to defining the best possible surgical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Bahr
- Proctologie Médico-Interventionnelle, Groupe Hospitalier Diaconesses--Croix Saint Simon, Paris, France
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Morken JJ, Baxter NN, Madoff RD, Finne CO. Endorectal ultrasound-directed biopsy: a useful technique to detect local recurrence of rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2006; 21:258-64. [PMID: 15942740 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-005-0785-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study assesses the value of endorectal ultrasound (ERUS)-directed biopsy in detecting local recurrence of rectal cancer. METHODS We reviewed the records of patients undergoing ERUS by a single surgeon for surveillance after treatment of rectal adenocarcinoma. Lesions suggestive of local recurrence underwent ERUS-assisted core-needle biopsy (EAB) via a proctoscope after precise ERUS localization or direct ERUS-guided biopsy (EGB) via a B&K Medical probe. RESULTS From 1991 to 2003, 525 patients underwent 2,490 surveillance ERUS. Of these patients, 51 underwent 62 biopsy sessions: 36 EGB and 26 EAB. The mean age of patients was 67.2 years (range 38-93 years); 22 (43%) were female. Only 11 patients (22%) had undergone prior radical resection of their primary tumor. No patient experienced a complication from the biopsies despite five being anticoagulated. Of 39 patients whose cancer recurrence was documented during follow-up, 32 (82%) were diagnosed at the initial biopsy session, and in five (13%), recurrence was detected only with ERUS. The combined sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of EAB and EGB in detecting recurrence was 83, 100, and 87%, respectively. In 26 patients with local recurrence, resection was performed with curative intent. CONCLUSION ERUS with biopsy is useful in detecting local recurrence after treatment of rectal cancer. It is safe, with a high diagnostic yield. It may be particularly useful in patients at higher risk for local recurrence (i.e., after endocavitary radiation and local excision) and may allow early detection of local recurrence, thereby permitting attempts at curative resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Morken
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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Stipa F, Burza A, Lucandri G, Ferri M, Pigazzi A, Ziparo V, Casula G, Stipa S. Outcomes for early rectal cancer managed with transanal endoscopic microsurgery: a 5-year follow-up study. Surg Endosc 2006; 20:541-5. [PMID: 16508812 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-005-0408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the long-term risk of local and distant recurrence as well as the survival of patients with early rectal cancer treated using transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM). METHODS The study reviewed 69 patients with Tis/T1/T2 rectal cancer treated using full-thickness excision between 1991 and 1999. The pathology T-stages included 25 Tis, 23 T1, and 21 T2. The median follow-up period was 6.5 years (range 5-10.2 years). RESULTS The overall local recurrence rate was 8.7%. The 5-year local recurrence rate was 8% for Tis, 8.6% for T1, and 9.5% for T2. All six patients with recurrence were managed surgically. The 5-year disease-specific survival rate was 100% for Tis, 100% for T1, and 70% for T2. The overall cancer-related mortality rate was 7.2%. CONCLUSIONS After local excision of early rectal cancer, a substantial local recurrence rate is observed. Patients with recurrent Tis/T1 cancers who undergo a salvage operation may achieve good long-term outcome. Local treatment without adjuvant therapy for T2 rectal cancers appears inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Stipa
- Department of Surgery, S. Giovanni Hospital Rome, via Salaria 332, 00199 Rome, Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Mellgren
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, St Paul, 55104, USA
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Kauer WKH, Prantl L, Dittler HJ, Siewert JR. The value of endosonographic rectal carcinoma staging in routine diagnostics: a 10-year analysis. Surg Endosc 2004; 18:1075-8. [PMID: 15156388 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-003-9088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2003] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endosonography is currently the gold standard for the local staging of rectal carcinoma, but its accuracy varies from 62% to 91%. This study aimed to determine the accuracy of endosonography, to evaluate the interobserver variability, and to compare the performance of the 7.5-MHz and the 10-MHz ultrasound scanners. METHODS Between 1990 and 2000, 458 patients with rectal cancer were included in the study. All the patients had undergone rectal endosonography with a 7.5-MHz scan (period 1: 1990-1996) or a 10-MHz scan (period 2: 1997-2000). Endosonographic staging was compared with pathologic staging. RESULTS The overall rate for correctly classified patients was 69% with respect to the T category and 68% with respect to the N category. There was no difference between the two scanners. In terms of accuracy, the T3 category tumors were the most (86%) and the T4 tumors the least (36%) accurately classified. Overstaging of tumors (19%) was much more frequent than understaging (12%). A high interobserver variability of 61% to 77% was noted. For pT1 tumors, the 10-MHz scan was almost two times more accurate than the 7.5-MHz scan (71% vs 36%). CONCLUSIONS The accuracy of endosonographic staging of rectal carcinoma very much depends on the T category. A high-resolution scanner and an experienced examiner can help to ensure that endosonography remains an important tool in the staging process of patients with rectal carcinoma, especially early carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K H Kauer
- Department Surgery, Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der lsar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675, München, Germany.
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Stipa F, Zernecke A, Moore HG, Minsky BD, Wong WD, Weiser M, Paty PB, Shia J, Guillem JG. Residual Mesorectal Lymph Node Involvement Following Neoadjuvant Combined-Modality Therapy: Rationale for Radical Resection? Ann Surg Oncol 2004; 11:187-91. [PMID: 14761922 DOI: 10.1245/aso.2004.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to evaluate the impact of preoperative radiation and chemotherapy (combined modality therapy, or CMT) on primary rectal cancer and mesorectal lymph nodes (MLNs), middle and lower third rectal cancers were resected with total mesorectal excision (TME) and assessed for frequency of MLN retrieval and residual MLN involvement. METHODS Between 1990 and 2001, 187 consecutive patients underwent abdominoperineal resection (APR) or low anterior resection (LAR) for locally advanced (endorectal ultrasound [ERUS] stage, T3-4) mid and distal rectal cancer following preoperative CMT. Sphincter preservation was possible in 150 patients (80%). The mean number of retrieved MLNs was 10.6. Pre-CMT ERUS stage was compared with final pathologic stage. RESULTS Comparison of pre-CMT ERUS stage with pathologic stage revealed a decrease in T stage in 93 patients (49%), as well as a decrease in the percentage of individuals with positive MLNs, from 54% to 27% (P <.0001). The overall incidence of positive MLN involvement was 27%, and incidence paralleled pathologic T stage (pT): pT0 = 7%, pT1 = 8%, pT2 = 22%, pT3 = 37%, and pT4 = 67%. CONCLUSIONS Following preoperative CMT, the incidence of residual MLN involvement remains significant and parallels increasing pT stage. Therefore, the standard of care for locally advanced distal rectal cancer should continue to include formal rectal resection (TME).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Stipa
- Colorectal Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Akbari
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York 10021, USA
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Hiotis S, Weber S, Wong WD. Preoperative Staging of Rectal Cancer. COLORECTAL CANCER 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59259-160-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- S Galandiuk
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Kentucky 40292, USA
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Pikarsky A, Wexner S, Lebensart P, Efron J, Weiss E, Nogueras J, Reissman P. The use of rectal ultrasound for the correct diagnosis and treatment of rectal villous tumors. Am J Surg 2000; 179:261-5. [PMID: 10875982 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(00)00328-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the difficulties associated with surgery for rectal villous tumors (RVT) is the finding of invasive adenocarcinoma after transanal excision (TAE) and the possible need for more radical procedures or adjuvant therapy. Improved preoperative evaluation may eliminate this dilemma. The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) in establishing the correct diagnosis of RVT. METHODS All patients with biopsy proven RVT, who were referred for TAE, underwent preoperative TRUS in addition to the routine evaluation. If invasion beyond the submucosa was suspected by TRUS, multiple biopsies were taken before any surgical intervention in order to exclude invasive cancer. If no invasion was noted, biopsies were avoided and a TAE was performed. The final pathology results were compared with both the preoperative diagnosis and TRUS results. RESULTS Thirty-five patients (19 female, 16 male; mean age 67.5 years, range 36 to 88) were studied. The mean distance of the distal extent of the lesion above the anal verge was 5.8 cm (1.5 to 6). In 27 patients, the tumor was limited to the submucosa (uT0, uT1) on TRUS and, therefore, TAE was performed. In 26 of 27 patients (96%), pathology examination confirmed the presence of RVT without evidence of malignancy. One patient was found to have invasion of the muscularis propria and required postoperative radiation therapy. In 8 patients (23%), TRUS showed extension beyond the submucosa; 3 of these patients had uT2 lesions, 4 had uT3 tumors, and 1 had perirectal nodes. These 8 patients underwent repeated biopsies with the finding of invasive adenocarcinoma in 7. Two patients underwent abdominoperineal resection, 3 had a low anterior resection, and 3 had a TAE. Final pathology confirmed the preoperative diagnosis of invasive adenocarcinoma in 7 patients. In the 1 patient with a uT2 lesion and negative biopsies, the final diagnosis was RVT with no evidence of malignancy. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative TRUS provides an accurate diagnosis of RVT. In conjunction with TRUS-directed biopsies, directed management of these tumors could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pikarsky
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Cleveland Clinic Florida, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33309, USA
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Abstract
The rectum is a pelvic organ, complex in its morphology and its topographic relationships. Its double embryologic origin explains the two types of tumors that develop in the rectum: (1) lieberkühnian adenocarcinoma in the pelvic rectum and (2) squamous epithelioma in the anal canal. Its venous and lymphatic supply, intensively developed, realizes early pathway of tumoral dissemination. The pelvic relationships of the rectum and anus explain the technical difficulty of rectal surgery, especially when subperitoneal resection and anastomosis are concerned. Imaging of this area permits an early diagnosis of rectal tumors and allows a less invasive surgery with a carcinologic precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Godlewski
- Département de Chirurgie Digestive, Faculté de Nîmes, France
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Müller C, Kähler G, Scheele J. Endosonographic examination of gastrointestinal anastomoses with suspected locoregional tumor recurrence. Surg Endosc 2000; 14:45-50. [PMID: 10653235 DOI: 10.1007/s004649900009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic ultrasound is considered one of the best tools for the preoperative staging of esophageal, gastric, and rectal carcinoma. Depending on the individual investigator, the sensitivity of preoperative tumor staging by endosonography of the upper gastrointestinal tract (GEUS) is 80-92% for gastric carcinoma and 86-95% for esophageal carcinoma. However, the sensitivity and specificity of endosonography for the staging of lymph node metastases is less accurate. The accuracy of rectal endosonography (REUS) is approximately 90% for tumor assessment and approximately 80% for the detection of lymph node metastases. In this study, we address the question of whether endosonography enables the surgeon to distinguish scar tissue, which is rather homogeneous and echo-rich, from changes such as an anastomositis or a locoregional tumor recurrence, which are typically non-inhomogeneous and echo-poor. METHODS During a 24-months period, we studied patients enrolled in a special tumor follow-up care program by either upper gastrointestinal (GEUS, n = 37 patients) or rectal endosonography (REUS, n = 49 patients) for exclusion of a locoregional tumor recurrence. In each patient, local tumor recurrence was suspected because of either medical history, clinical examination, or other diagnostic procedures. RESULTS As in previous studies, our retrospective analysis revealed that endosonography has a high sensitivity in the detection of local tumor recurrences (>90%) for both GEUS and REUS. CONCLUSION Endosonography is a highly accurate means of detecting local tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Müller
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany
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40
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This prospective study was conducted to investigate the value of three-dimensional (3D) endosonography for staging of rectal cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Transrectal ultrasound is the most sensitive technique for peroperative staging and follow-up of rectal cancer. Major limitations of this technique include the complexity of image interpretation and the inability to examine stenotic tumors or to identify recurrent rectal cancer. METHODS Three-dimensional endosonography was performed in 100 patients with rectal tumors. Transrectal volume scans were obtained using a 3D multiplane transducer (7.5/10.0 MHz). Stenotic tumors were examined with a 3D frontfire transducer (5.0/7.5 MHz). The volume scans were processed and analyzed on a Combison 530 workstation (Kretztechnik, Zipf, Austria). RESULTS The 3D endosonography and conventional endosonography were performed in 49 patients with nonstenotic rectal cancer. Display of volume data in three perpendicular planes or as 3D view facilitated the interpretation of ultrasound images and enhanced the diagnostic information of the data. The accuracy of 3D endosonography in the assessment of infiltration depth was 88% compared to 82% with the conventional technique. In the determination of lymph node involvement, 3D and two-dimensional endosonography provided accuracy rates of 79% and 74%, respectively. The 3D scanning allowed the visualization of obstructing tumors using reconstructed planes in front of the transducer. Correct assessment of the infiltration depth was possible in 15 of 21 patients with obstructing tumors (accuracy, 76%). Three-dimensional endosonography displayed suspicious pararectal lesions in 30 patients. Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy was extremely precise (accuracy, 98%) and showed malignancy in 10 of 30 patients. Histologic analysis changed the endosonographic diagnosis in 8 (27%) of the patients. CONCLUSIONS The 3D endosonography permits examination of rectal cancer using previously unattainable planes and 3D views. The 3D imaging and ultrasound-guided biopsy seem capable to improve staging of rectal cancer and should be evaluated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hünerbein
- Virchow Hospital, Robert Rössle Hospital, Berlin, Germany
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41
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Hünerbein M, Dohmoto M, Haensch W, Schlag PM. Evaluation and biopsy of recurrent rectal cancer using three-dimensional endosonography. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39:1373-8. [PMID: 8969663 DOI: 10.1007/bf02054526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The value of endorectal ultrasonography for postoperative follow-up of rectal cancer is limited by the inability to distinguish recurrent malignancy from benign lesions, e.g., fibrotic tissue. This study was conducted to investigate the role of three-dimensional (3D) endosonography for evaluation and biopsy of recurrent rectal cancer. METHODS Endorectal ultrasonography was performed in routine follow-up program after resection of rectal cancer. 3D volume scans were recorded using a bifocal multiplane 3D transducer (7.5/10 MHz) with a 100 degrees longitudinal and a 360 degrees transversal scan angle. For transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of pararectal lesions, a specially designed targeting device was attached to the endoprobe. RESULTS Overall pararectal lesions were detected in 28 of 163 patients (17 percent) who were undergoing endorectal ultrasonography for follow-up after resection of rectal cancer. 3D image analysis facilitated assessment of suspicious pararectal lesions by contemporary display of three perpendicular scan planes or volume reconstructions of the scanned area. Ultrasound-guided biopsy was performed in all 28 patients with pararectal lesions identified by endorectal ultrasonography. Biopsy revealed recurrent disease or lymph node metastases in seven and two patients, respectively. Benign lesions explained the endosonographic findings in 17 patients. All patients with benign histology still have no evidence of recurrent disease after a median follow-up of seven months. Nonrepresentative material was obtained in only 2 of 28 patients (accuracy, 93 percent). Histology changed the endosonographic diagnosis in 28 percent of cases. CONCLUSIONS 3D endosonography with ultrasound-guided biopsy improves the diagnosis of extramural recurrence after curative resection of rectal cancer. 3D image display allows precise control of the position of the biopsy needle within the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hünerbein
- Virchow Hospital, Robert Rössle Hospital and Tumor Institute, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
The surgical management of locally recurrent rectal cancer may involve major procedures and is not for the faint-hearted. Nevertheless, such treatment is preferable to chemotherapy and radiotherapy; the latter will fail over a period of months during which the patient is likely to experience intractable pain. Radical surgery offers good palliation and a better quality of life. Survival is prolonged by such operations which may be curative in up to one-third of patients. Nevertheless, surgeons must be realistic in their assessment of and discussions with patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Sagar
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Fedyaev EB, Volkova EA, Kuznetsova EE. Transrectal and transvaginal ultrasonography in the preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma. Eur J Radiol 1995; 20:35-8. [PMID: 7556250 DOI: 10.1016/0720-048x(95)00616-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the diagnostic ability of transrectal and transvaginal ultrasonography (TRUS and TVUS), 132 patients with rectal carcinoma were examined. Analysis of the data obtained has shown that the high quality of endosonographic imaging allows the performance of detailed staging of rectal carcinoma. In the great majority of patients (91%) the staging was carried out correctly. Neoplastic invasion was overstaged in only five cases and understaged in another five cases. Altered pararectal lymph nodes could be visualized by endosonographic examination in 54.5% of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Fedyaev
- Research Institute of Medical Radiology, Russian Academy Medical Sciences, Obninsk
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44
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Senagore AJ. Intrarectal and intra-anal ultrasonography in the evaluation of colorectal pathology. Surg Clin North Am 1994; 74:1465-73. [PMID: 7985076 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6109(16)46492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in ultrasonography have improved significantly the accuracy and applicability of this technology to the management of anorectal pathology. Intrarectal ultrasonography has demonstrated a high degree of accuracy in the assessment of extent of local invasion of rectal carcinomas as well as the degree of regional lymph adenopathy. It also is capable of playing a significant role in the management of anorectal suppurative disorders by allowing identification of deep-seeded abscesses. This technology will play an expanding role in the management of anorectal disorders and should be in the armamentarium of the surgeon managing these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Senagore
- Ferguson-Blodgett Digestive Disease Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
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45
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Hildebrandt U, Feifel G. Endosonographic possibilities in the lower alimentary tract. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY 1994; 8:635-50. [PMID: 7742568 DOI: 10.1016/0950-3528(94)90016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U Hildebrandt
- Department of Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mehta
- Royal Albert Edward Infirmary, Wigan, Lancs
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47
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Gerard JP. The use of radiotherapy for patients with low rectal cancer: an overview of the Lyon experience. THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF SURGERY 1994; 64:457-63. [PMID: 8010914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1994.tb02256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In France, the late Jean Papillon was responsible for much of the pioneering work in the radiotherapy treatment of patients with rectal cancer. This review is written in tribute to his contribution to, and vast experience in, the conservative management of this common tumour. It describes his protocols with minor modifications currently used at the Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, France. In Lyon, pre-operative adjuvant irradiation is the preferred treatment for patients with T2 and T3 rectal cancer. Initial results suggest that this combined approach significantly improves the likelihood of successful sphincter preservation for patients with carcinoma of the lower third of the rectum. To date, the technique has given good local control with minimal postoperative morbidity and low mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Gerard
- Service de Radiothérapie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
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McNicholas MM, Joyce WP, Dolan J, Gibney RG, MacErlaine DP, Hyland J. Magnetic resonance imaging of rectal carcinoma: a prospective study. Br J Surg 1994; 81:911-4. [PMID: 8044620 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800810640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Accurate preoperative staging of rectal cancer is necessary to identify patients who might benefit from adjuvant therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was evaluated in 20 consecutive patients with rectal cancer undergoing 'curative' surgery. Detailed histopathological examination of the resected lesion was correlated with findings of MRI. MRI staging concurred with histological staging in 18 of 20 patients using the Dukes or tumour node metastasis classification but in only 14 using the modified Astler-Coller system. MRI diagnosed transmural invasion in all but one patient with microscopic mural invasion (positive predictive value, 100 per cent; negative predictive value, 80 per cent; overall accuracy, 95 per cent). MRI correctly diagnosed tumour deposits or involved lymph nodes in 12 patients. MRI overstaged one patient, in whom nodes that were enlarged on imaging studies were negative at histological examination (positive predictive value, 92 per cent; negative predictive value, 100 per cent; overall accuracy, 95 per cent). MRI has a role in selected cases for the preoperative assessment of rectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M McNicholas
- Department of Radiology, St Vincent's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Cataldo PA, Senagore A, Luchtefeld MA. Intrarectal ultrasound in the evaluation of perirectal abscesses. Dis Colon Rectum 1993; 36:554-8. [PMID: 8500372 DOI: 10.1007/bf02049861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Experience with intrarectal ultrasonography (IRUS) is limited for the evaluation of perianal sepsis. The purpose of this article is to report our experience with IRUS in evaluating 24 cases of suspected perianal abscess and fistula. IRUS was performed intraoperatively using a Brüel & Kjaer (Model #1846; Naerum, Denmark) endoanal ultrasound scanner with a 7-MHz transducer. After completion of the IRUS, careful anorectal examination and appropriate surgical therapy were performed. At surgery, 19/24 patients were found to have perirectal abscesses, with all 19 cases correctly identified preoperatively by IRUS. In 12 cases (63 percent), IRUS correctly defined the relationship between the abscesses and sphincters by Parks' classification. At surgery, internal openings of fistulous tracts were found in 14/19 cases, but IRUS identified only 4/14 (28 percent). In 6/24 cases, IRUS and clinical evaluation did not demonstrate a perirectal abscess. The role of IRUS in the evaluation of perirectal abscess is evolving. Certainly, uncomplicated abscesses can be managed without ultrasonography. However, IRUS can be an adjunct to careful evaluation of complex perianal suppurative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Cataldo
- Department of Surgery, Ferguson Hospital, Grand Rapids, Michigan
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50
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Nielsen MB, Pedersen JF, Christiansen J. Rectal endosonography in the evaluation of stenotic rectal tumors. Dis Colon Rectum 1993; 36:275-9. [PMID: 8449133 DOI: 10.1007/bf02053510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Preoperative evaluation of stenotic rectal tumors is important since they often involve adjacent organs and thus may require additional therapy. Previous reports on endosonographic staging have excluded stenotic tumors because they could not be fully visualized with the available equipment. In this study, we have evaluated the role of endosonography in staging stenotic rectal tumors, with special attention to the use of forward-looking endoprobes. Preoperative staging was performed in 28 patients with stenotic rectal tumors. Tumor extension was evaluated according to the TNM classification, and the results were compared with surgical and histopathologic findings. Endosonography accurately assessed tumor extension in two T2 tumors, 14 T3 tumors, and seven T4 tumors. Three T2 tumors were overstaged, and two T4 tumors were staged as T3. The accuracy was 82 percent. Twenty-two tumors were subject to histopathologic evaluation of lymph nodes. Lymph nodes larger than 1 cm had been seen by endosonography in eight patients, five of whom had nodal metastases. Lymph nodes smaller than 1 cm or no lymph nodes were found in 14 patients, four of whom had nodal metastases. In conclusion, full sonographic visualization of stenotic rectal tumors and thus evaluation of tumor extension can be achieved by using forward-looking endoprobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Nielsen
- Department of Radiology and Ultrasound, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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