Adherence to self-care practices, glycemic status and influencing factors in diabetes patients in a tertiary care hospital in Delhi

Table 1 Distribution of medical adherence in diabetes patients, Delhi, 2016 (n = 375)

Medical Adherence in study subjects (in previous 7 d)	mean ± SD (d)
Medication adherence	6.25 ± 1.5
Adhering to a healthy eating plan	5.22 ± 1.2
Consuming ≥ 1 portion of green vegetables	3.25 ± 3
Consuming ≥ 1 portion of fruits	1.8 ± 1.8
Practicing carbohydrate spacing	4.87 ± 1.2
Exercising for at-least 30 min in a day	2.25 ± 2.5
Engaged in moderate physical activity as part of work, travel or household chores for at least 10 min continuously	4.42 ± 2.1
Foot inspection	0.14 ± 0.58

Table 2 Patient characteristics and association with medical non-adherence n (%)

Variable	Total(n = 375)	Medicationnon-adherence(n = 66)	Dietarynon-adherence(n = 58)	Physical activitynon-adherence(n = 253)
Age (yr)
< 50	168 (44.8)	29 (17.2)	28 (16.6)	109
≥ 50	207 (55.2)	37 (17.8)	30 (14.5)	144
Gender
Men	201 (53.6)	31 (15.4)	36 (18)	114 (56.7)b
Women	174 (46.4)	35 (20.1)	22 (12.6)	139 (80)
Education (yr)
< 5	132 (35.2)	33 (25)a	21 (16)	101 (76.5)b
≥ 5	243 (64.8)	33 (13.5)	37 (15.2)	152 (62.5)
SES
Upper-upper middle	92 (24.5)	14 (15.2)	14 (15.2)	56 (61)
Lower middle	200 (53.4)	34 (17)	27 (13.5)	137 (68.5)
Upper lower-lower	83 (22.1)	18 (21.7)	17 (20.5)	60 (72.3)
Family type
Joint	289 (77)	58 (20)a	46 (16)	204 (70.5)a
Nuclear/alone	86 (23)	8 (9.3)	12 (14)	49 (57)
DM duration (yr)
≤ 5	205 (54.7)	37 (18)	34 (16.6)	130 (63.4)
> 5	170 (45.3)	29 (17)	24 (14.1)	123 (72.3)
Hypertension
Present	191 (51)	22 (11.5)b	29 (15.2)	126 (66)
Absent	184 (49)	44 (24)	29 (15.7)	127 (69)
Insulin therapy
Present	118 (31.5)	12 (10.2)a	20 (17)	78 (66.1)
Absent	257 (68.5)	54 (21)	38 (14.8)	175 (68)
Family assistance with medication
Present	71 (19)	7 (9.8)a
Absent	304 (81)	59 (19.4)	-	-
Family help with diet
Present	89 (23.7)	-	8 (9)	-
Absent	286 (76.3)		50 (17.5)

^aP < 0.05;

^bP < 0.01.

Table 3 Logistic regression analysis determining factors associated with non-adherence to anti-diabetic medication (n = 66)

Predictor variable	Odds ratio1	95%CI	P value
Education < 5 yr	2.06	1.1-3.6	0.01
Living in nuclear family	2.1	0.95-4.8	0.06
Insulin therapy	1.7	0.83-3.5	0.14
Absence of hypertension comorbidity	2.6	1.4-4.6	0.001
Family assistance for taking medication	0.56	0.23-1.3	0.2

¹Adjusted odds with other predictor variables controlled.

Table 4 Patient characteristics associated with suboptimal glycemic control n (%)

Variable	Total(n = 375)	Suboptimal glycemic control(n = 259)	P value
Age (yr)
≤ 50	168 (44.8)	118 (70.2)	0.74
> 50	207 (55.2)	141 (68.1)
Gender
Men	201 (53.6)	131 (65.1)	0.09
Women	174 (46.4)	128 (73.5)
Education (yr)
< 5	132 (35.2)	96 (72.7)	0.29
≥ 5	243 (64.8)	163 (67)
SES
Upper/upper middle	92 (24.5)	57 (62)
Lower middle	200 (53.4)	143 (71.5)	0.24
Lower middle/lower	83 (22.1)	59 (71)
Family type
Joint	289 (77)	205 (71)	0.18
Nuclear/alone	86 (23)	54 (62.8)
DM duration (yr)
≤ 5	205 (54.7)	136 (66.3)	0.22
> 5	170 (45.3)	123 (72.3)
Hypertension
Present	191 (51)	130 (68)	0.74
Absent	184 (49)	129 (70)
Insulin therapy
Present	118 (31.5)	93 (79)	0.006
Absent	257 (68.5)	166 (64.6)
Family help with diet
Present	89 (23.7)	53 (59.5)	0.035
Absent	286 (76.3)	206 (72)
Medication adherence
Non-adherent	66 (17.6)	55 (83.3)	0.005
Adherent	309 (82.4)	204 (54.4)