Quality of sleep and its determinants among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Northwest of Iran

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the patients with type-2 diabetes in diabetes clinic of Ardabil (n = 256) in 2014

Characteristics	n (%)
Age group (yr)
< 50	68 (26.6)
50-59	113 (44.1)
> 60	75 (29.3)
Sex
Male	75 (29.3)
Female	181 (70.7)
Education
Illiterate	127 (49.6)
Primary school	70 (27.3)
Secondary school and higher	59 (23)
Income
Low ( < 500)	151 (71.6)
Acceptable	60 (28.4)
Marital status
Married	227 (88.7)
Single/divorced/widow	29 (11.3)
Occupation
In-paid work	41 (16)
Not working	215 (84)
Smoking
Yes	232 (92.4)
No	19 (7.6)
Body mass index
< 25	49 (19.1)
25-29.9	101 (39.5)
≥ 30	106 (41.4)

Table 2 Quality of sleep among diabetic patients by socio-demographic and clinical factors, 2014-2015, Northwest of Iran n (%)

Characteristics	Total	PQSI ≤ 5 (good sleepers)	PQSI > 5 (poor sleepers)	P value1
Age group (yr)				0.136
< 50	68	48 (70.6)	20 (29.4)
50-59	113	63 (55.8)	50 (44.2)
≥ 60	75	47 (62.7)	28 (37.3)
Sex				0.294
Male	75	50 (66.7)	25 (33.3)
Female	181	108 (59.7)	73 (40.3)
Education				0.518
Illiterate	127	74 (58.3)	53 (41.7)
Primary school	70	45 (64.3)	25 (35.7)
Secondary school and higher	59	39 (66.1)	20 (33.9)
Income				0.662
Low (< 500)	151	93 (61.6)	58 (38.4)
Acceptable	60	35 (58.3)	25 (41.7)
Marital status				0.96
Married	227	136 (59.9)	91 (40.1)
Single/divorced/widow	29	22 (68.2)	7 (31.8)
Occupation				0.552
In-paid work	41	27 (65.9)	14 (34.1)
Not working	215	131 (60.1)	84 (39.1)
Duration of disease (yr)				0.003
< 6	114	82 (71.9)	32 (28.1)
≥ 6	140	75 (53.6)	65 (46.4)
Complications				0.013
No	134	92 (68.7)	42 (31.3)
Yes	118	63 (63.4)	55 (46.6)
Smoking				0.18
Yes	19	9 (47.4)	10 (52.6)
No	232	146 (62.9)	86 (37.1)
BMI				0.84
< 25	49	32 (65.3)	17 (34.7)
25-29.9	101	61 (59.4)	40 (39.6)
≥ 30	106	65 (61.3)	41 (38.7)
HbA1C				0.882
< 7	91	57 (62.6)	34 (37.4)
≥ 7	165	101 (61.2)	64 (38.8)
Hypertension				0.089
Controlled	81	56 (69.1)	25 (30.9)
Uncontrolled	149	86 (57.7)	63 (42.3)
Total cholesterol				0.016
Desirable	205	134 (65.4)	71 (34.6)
≥ 240	51	24 (47.1)	27 (52.9)
Psychological distress (K10)				< 0.001
No	88	67 (76.1)	21 (23.9)
Mild	85	54 (63.5)	31 (36.5)
Moderate	46	22 (47.8)	24 (52.2)
Severe	37	15 (40.5)	22 (59.5)
Treatment option				0.584
Oral medication	149	91 (61.1)	58 (38.9)
Insulin + oral OR Insulin	74	44 (59.5)	30 (40.5)
Other	33	23 (69.7)	10 (30.3)

¹P value was reported based on univariate and multivariate logistic regression tests.

Table 3 Predictors of sleep quality among diabetic patients (outcome poor sleeper vs good sleepers)

Characteristics	OR crude (95%CI)	OR adjusted (95%CI)
Age group (yr)
< 50	Ref	Ref
50-59	1.905 (1.004-3.613)	2.033 (1.014-4.077)
≥ 60	1.430 (0.709-2.881)	1.223 (0.561-2.668)
P value	0.139	0.097
Duration of disease (yr)
< 6	--	--
≥ 6	2.221 (1.312-3.760)	1.767 (0.981-3.182)
P value	0.003	0.058
Complications
No	Ref	Ref
Yes	1.912 (1.144-3.197)	1.438 (0.805-2.568)
P value	0.013	0.219
Psychological distress (K10)
No distress	Ref	Ref
Mild distress	1.832 (0.947-3.543)	1.835 (0.910-3.701)
Moderate distress	3.481 (1.631-7.429)	3.282 (1.430-7.533)
High distress	4.679 (2.063-10.615)	4.087 (1.710-9.765)
P value	< 0.001	0.005
Total cholesterol
Desirable	Ref	Ref
≥ 240	2.123 (1.142-3.949)	1.989 (1.006-3.935)
P value	0.017	0.048

P value was reported based on univariate and multivariate logistic regression tests. Only variables with significant association in either univariate or multivariate models have been reported. Dependent variable: Sleep quality; OR: Odds ratio.