Copyright
©The Author(s) 2017.
World J Diabetes. Apr 15, 2017; 8(4): 154-164
Published online Apr 15, 2017. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i4.154
Published online Apr 15, 2017. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i4.154
Table 1 Cut-off points created to explore the impact of fasting on self-monitored blood glucose
| SMBG value cut-off | Morning fasted | Evening postprandial |
| < 7.0 mmol/L | Normal/goal level | Normal/goal level |
| 7.0-9.05 mmol/L | Above goal | Normal/goal level |
| 9.05-11.1 mmol/L | Above goal | Above goal |
| > 11.1 mmol/L | Above goal | Above goal |
Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participants
| Measurement | Mean ± SD |
| Anthropomorphic | |
| Age (yr) | 53.8 ± 9.11 |
| Weight | 100.6 ± 21.75 kg |
| BMI | 36.9 ± 8.29 kg/m2 |
| Waist circumference (reference < 88 female, < 102 male) | 109.6 ± 11.1 cm |
| Daily hours fasted | 11.6 ± 1.9 h/d |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) T2DM goal < 130 | 130.00 ± 17.80 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) T2DM goal < 80 | 80.50 ± 13.20 |
| Biochemical | |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) (reference < 1.0 mg/L) | 4.31 ± 3.80 |
| HOMA-IR calculated (normal < 2.5) | 6.91 ± 3.00 |
| Fasting glucose (normal < 7.0 mmol/L) | 7.45 ± 1.52 mmol/L |
| Medications present during study period | |
| Metformin | 10 (10) |
| Sulfonylureas | 1 (10) |
| Other diabetic medications | 1 (10) |
| Other non-diabetic medications | 8 (10) |
Table 3 Differences between Study Phases for Biochemical and Anthropometric Parameters
| Measurement | Mean ± SD Phase 1 | Mean ± SD Phase 2 | Mean ± SD Phase 3 | Mean difference Phase 1 to 2 | Mean difference Phase 2 to 3 | Mean difference Phase 1 to 3 |
| Clinical outcome | ||||||
| Weight (kg) | 100.6 ± 21.7 | 99.2 ± 21.3 | 99.5 ± 21.5 | -1.4 (P = 0.009) | +0.28 (P = 1.0) | -1.12 (P = 0.08) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 36.9 ± 8.3 | 36.4 ± 8.1 | 36.5 ± 8.1 | -0.52 (P = 0.01) | +0.1 (P = 1.0) | -0.42 (P = 0.09) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 109.6 ± 11.1 | 107.8 ± 11.1 | 107.5 ± 10.9 | -1.75 (P = 0.086) | -0.30 (P = 1.0) | -2.05 (P = 0.24) |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 130.0 ± 17.8 | 127.0 ± 21.4 | 128.5 ± 14.3 | -3 (P = 0.83) | +1.5 (P = 1.0) | -1.5 (P = 1.0) |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 80.5 ± 13.2 | 79.8 ± 15.7 | 81.7 ± 12.2 | -0.72 (P = 1.0) | +1.9 (P = 0.76) | +1.2 (P = 1.0) |
| Daily hours fasted | 11.6 ± 1.9 | 16.8 ± 1.2 | 11.5 ± 2.0 | +5.2 (P < 0.005) | -5.3 (P < 0.005) | -0.09 (P = 1.0) |
| Biochemical outcome | ||||||
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 4.3 ± 3.8 | 4.0 ± 3.7 | 4.1 ± 3.5 | -0.3 (P = 0.9) | +0.09 (P = 1.0) | -0.25 (P = 1.0) |
| HOMA-IR | 6.9 ± 3.0 | 6.5 ± 2.4 | 6.6 ± 3.0 | -0.46 (P = 1.0) | +0.11 (P = 1.0) | -0.35 (P = 1.0) |
Table 4 Morning, afternoon and postprandial self-monitored blood glucose levels decreased during intermittent fasting
| 14 d averaged SMBG pooled | Mean ± SD Phase 1 | Mean ± SD Phase 2 | Mean ± SD Phase 3 | % change from Phase 1 to 2 | % change from Phase 2 to 3 |
| μfasting SMBG | 8.2 ± 1.3 | 7.7 ± 1.8 | 8.1 ± 1.4 | -6.10% | +5.20% |
| μafternoon SMBG | 7.5 ± 1.0 | 7.2 ± 1.2 | 7.0 ± 0.9 | -4.00% | -2.80% |
| μpost prandial SMBG | 8.7 ± 1.9 | 8.6 ± 1.9 | 8.8 ± 1.7 | -1.10% | +2.30% |
Table 5 Intermittent fasting improves fasting and postprandial glucose levels
| Measured SMBG (mmol/L) | Baseline | Intervention | Follow-up |
| Morning SMBG by phase | |||
| < 7.0 | 13.8% | 34.1% | 15.1% |
| 7.0-9.05 | 52.0% | 40.7% | 49.6% |
| 9.05-11.1 | 33.3% | 18.0% | 32.8% |
| > 11.1 | 0.8% | 7.1% | 2.5% |
| Evening SMBG by phase | |||
| < 7.0 | 24.5% | 27.7% | 12.9% |
| 7.0-9.05 | 28.1% | 32.9% | 41.6% |
| 9.05-11.1 | 27.4% | 19.7% | 28.7% |
| > 11.1 | 20.0% | 19.7% | 16.8% |
Table 6 Ordinal Logistic Regression: Relationship between Hours Fasted Difference and morning, afternoon, and evening self-monitored blood glucose
| SMBG | Overall model | ||
| Odds ratio | P value | 95%CI | |
| Morning | 0.91 | 0.004 | 0.85-0.97 |
| Afternoon | 0.95 | 0.181 | 0.88-1.02 |
| Evening | 1.00 | 0.900 | 0.94-1.07 |
Table 7 Patient reported diet composition and physical activity, by study phase
| Measure | Baseline (mean ± SD) | Intervention (mean ± SD) | Follow-up (mean ± SD) |
| Extrapolated energy intake (kcal/d) | 1904.3 ± 404.1 | 1605.7 ± 375.5 | 1510.5 ± 755.41 |
| Protein intake (g/d) | 94.2 ± 26.6 | 93.2 ± 26.1 | 79.4 ± 30.71 |
| Carbohydrate intake (g/d) | 190.6 ± 58.5 | 142.7 ± 62.1 | 164.2 ± 93.91 |
| Fat intake (g/d) | 86.9 ± 16.6 | 63.6 ± 25.2 | 60.9 ± 35.51 |
| Physical activity (kcal/wk) | 4922.3 ± 3774.4 | 6778.56 ± 4329.5 | 4329.0 ± 3440.8 |
- Citation: Arnason TG, Bowen MW, Mansell KD. Effects of intermittent fasting on health markers in those with type 2 diabetes: A pilot study. World J Diabetes 2017; 8(4): 154-164
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v8/i4/154.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v8.i4.154