Association of NFKB1 gene polymorphism (rs28362491) with levels of inflammatory biomarkers and susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy in Asian Indians

Table 1 The baseline demographic and biochemical parameters in various study groups

Variables	NG (n = 100)	DM (n = 100)	DM-CRD (n = 100)
Age (yr)	46.0 ± 4.0	56.40 ± 3.5	55.7 ± 4.2
Sex ratio (male/female)	52/48	54/46	52/48
Duration of DM (yr)	-	12.7 ± 1.5	8.1 ± 2.3d
BMI (kg/m2)	20.1 ± 1.7	21.1 ± 2.1	21.6 ± 3.4
SBP (mmHg)	118.1 ± 0.5	138.0 ± 2.1b	137.7 ± 2.8b
DBP (mmHg)	75.2 ± 1.0	81.6 ± 1.9b	82.8 ± 0.0b
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	82.4 ± 3.1	153.5 ± 3.5b	184.3 ± 9.2bd
Postprandial glucose (mg/dL)	118.2 ± 2.4	201.7 ± 10.1b	261.1 ± 12.2bd
HbA1c (%)	5.11 ± 0.46	7.10 ± 0.25b	9.16 ± 0.16bd
Urea (mg/dL)	31.5 ± 5.5	30.7 ± 5.8	93.2 ± 4.8bd
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.83 ± 0.23	0.90 ± 0.20	3.7 ± 1.5bd
Uric acid (mg/dL)	4.2 ± 0.8	4.9 ± 0.6	9.1 ± 0.8bd
eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2)	99.1 ± 0.7	96.4 ± 0.6	51.2 ± 0.9d
Urinary albumin/creatinine	-	-	0.42 ± 0.35

^bSignificantly different from Normoglycemic at P < 0.001;

^dSignificantly different from diabetic patients without nephropathy at P < 0.001. Data are expressed as mean + SD. NG: Normoglycemic; DM: Diabetes mellitus without nephropathy; DM-CRD: Diabetic nephropathy; BMI: Body mass index; SBP and DBP: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Table 2 The genotype and allele frequencies of NFKB1 gene for -94 insertion/deletion ATTG polymorphism in different study groups

	NG (n = 100) n (%)	DM (n = 100) n (%)	DM-CRD (n = 100) n (%)
ins/ins	41 (41)	38 (38)	61 (61)
ins/del	49 ( 49)	48 (48)	33 (33)
del/del	10 (10)	14 (14)	06b (06)
ins allele	131 (65.5)	124 (62)	155 (77.5)
del allele	69 (34.5)	76 (38)	45 (22.5)

^bSignificantly different from diabetic patients without nephropathy at P < 0.001. NG: Normoglycemic; DM: Diabetes mellitus without nephropathy; DM-CRD: Diabetic nephropathy.

Table 3 Interaction analysis of -94 ins/del ATTG polymorphism with inflammatory markers

Inflammatory marker	Groups	NG (n = 100)	DM (n = 100)	DM-CRD (n = 100)	P value
uMCP-1 (pg/mg creatinine)	Total	130.00 ± 42.22	271.00 ± 120.01	5632.70 ± 1007.20ab
	del/del	85.1 ± 9.2	200.6 ± 66.5	4609.9 ± 900.6	P = 0.026
	ins/del	110.9 ± 15.6	278.9 ± 105.9	5879.9 ± 1016.3
	ins/ins	166.8 ± 26.8	302.2 ± 100.1	6405.1 ± 1550.6
Plasma TNF-α (pg/mL)	Total	15.55 ± 2.22	16.51 ± 3.75	21.38 ± 3.67ab
	del/del	8.27 ± 1.06	10.21 ± 1.32	17.31 ± 1.17	P = 0.030
	ins/del	11.55 ± 0.05	14.05 ± 0.18	19.31 ± 0.44
	ins/ins	15.08 ± 1.15	16.36 ± 1.20	23.12 ± 0.70

^aSignificantly different from Normoglycemic at P < 0.001;

^bSignificantly different from diabetic patients without nephropathy at P < 0.001. uMCP-1 levels, plasma TNF-α levels are expressed as mean + SD. NG: Normoglycemic; DM: Diabetes mellitus without nephropathy; DM-CRD: Diabetic nephropathy.

Table 4 Association between -94 ins/del ATTG polymorphism in the NFKB1 gene and diabetic nephropathy at the genotype level

Genotype	OR	95%CI	P value
DM vs NG ref	1.04	0.607-4.987	0.887
DM-CRD vs NG ref	1.95	1.101-3.467	0.022
DM-CRD vs DM ref	1.91	1.080-3.386	0.025

Ref: Referencegroup.