Gut microbiota and Ma-Pi 2 macrobiotic diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes

Table 1 Example of the average daily energy and nutrient intake for the Ma-Pi 2 diet during in one dietary intervention study[79]

Nutrient	Ma-Pi 2 diet
Energy (kcal)	2174
Protein (g)	66
Tryptophan1	13
Threonine1	35
Isoleucine1	41
Leucine1	73
Lysine1	42
Met + cystine1	34
Phen + tyrosine1	78
Valine1	50
Total fat (g)	38
Cholesterol (mg)	0
Carbohydrates (g)	392
Fiber (g)	54
Vitamin C (mg)	164
Folic acid (g)	751
Vitamin B1 (mg)	3.52
Vitamin B2 (mg)	1.3
Vitamin B6 (mg)	5.55
Niacin (mg)	25
Vitamin B12 (g)	0.45
Vitamin E (mg)	10
Vitamin A (g)	3266
Potassium (mg)	3646
Manganese (mg)	16
Iron (mg)	24
Calcium (mg)	982
Phosphorus (mg)	1632
Zinc (mg)	15.4
Magnesium (mg)	754
Sodium (mg)	1724

¹mg of amino acid per gram of protein.

Table 2 Metabolic effects of the Ma-Pi 2 dietary intervention after variable periods of time

Metabolic parameters	Duration of Ma-Pi 2 intervention	Effect
Body mass index	3 wk-6 mo	↓
Body weight (kg)	3 wk-6 mo	↓
Body fat mass (%)	3 wk-6 mo	↓
Body fat free mass (%)	3 wk-6 mo	↔
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	3 wk-6 mo	↓
Fasting insulin (mIU/mL)	3 wk	↓
HbA1c	3 wk-6 mo	↓
HOMA-R index	3 wk-6 mo	↓
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	3 wk-6 mo	↓
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	3 wk-6 mo	↓
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	3 wk-6 mo	↔
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	3 wk-6 mo	↓
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	3 wk-6 mo	↓
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	3 wk	↓
Urinary pH	3 wk	↑
Serum anion gap (mEq/L)	3 wk	↓
Serum bicarbonate (mEq/L)	3 wk	↑
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (ng/mL)	3 wk	↓
Interleukin 6 (pg/mL)	3 wk	↔
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (ng/mL)		↓

Taken from the results of studies investigating the Ma-Pi 2 diet in men and women with type 2 diabetes over variable periods. ↑: Increase; ↓: Decrease; ↔: No effect; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein.