Linking uric acid metabolism to diabetic complications

Table 1 Association between life-style related diseases and uric acid metabolism

Diseases/status	SUA level	UA production	Focus 1	UA excresion	Focus 2
T2DM	High/low
Glucosuria	Low			Up	Glomerulus
Insulin resistance	High			Down	Proximal tubule cell
Use of SGLT2 inhibitor	Low			Up
Retinopathy		Up	Vitreus
MetS	High	Up	Adipocyte/liver?	Down	Proximal tubule cell
CKD	High	Up	Vascular endothelial cell/inflammatory cell	Down/up	Kidney/intestine
Hypertension	High	Up
Atherosclerosis		Up	Vascular endothelial cell/inflammatory cell
Reperfusion injury		Up	Vascular endothelial cell
Heart failure		Up	Inflammatory cell
Fructose intake	High	Up	Liver	Down
Sodium intake	High			Down
Thiazide administration	High			Down	Proximal tubule cell

UA: Uric acid; SUA: Serum uric acid; T2DML: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; MetS: Metabolic syndrome.