Biochemical and cellular evidence of the benefit of a combination of cerium oxide nanoparticles and selenium to diabetic rats

Table 1 Effects of various treatments on body weight and liver weight/body weight (mean ± SE)

Animal groups	Body weight index		Liver weight index
	Initial (g)	Final (g)	LW (g)	BW/LW
Control	187.25 ± 3.68	207.5 ± 3.22	7.54 ± 0.23	25.86 ± 1.18
Diabetic control	185.75 ± 3.94	172.6 ± 1.76a	10.02 ± 0.30c	16.5 ± 0.78c
Cerium oxide	192.25 ± 6.14	185.6 ± 4.70f	9.77 ± 0.42b	19.59 ± 0.86b,f
Nanocerium oxide	189.00 ± 3.71	202.2 ± 2.01d	8.35 ± 0.12d	24.15 ± 0.49e
Sodium selenite	187.75 ± 5.80	193.3 ± 6.38	8.69 ± 0.44	22.31 ± 1.00d
Nanocerium oxide + Sodium selenite	195.20 ± 3.00	214.8 ± 8.77e	9.73 ± 0.38b	24.11 ± 1.04e

^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001 vs control group; ^dP < 0.01, ^eP < 0.01 vs diabetic control group; ^fP < 0.05 vs Nanocerium oxide + Sodium selenite group. LW: Liver weight; BW: Body weight.

Table 2 Effects of various treatments on oxidative stress biomarkers in plasma and liver (mean ± SE)

Groups	LPO		TAC		TTM
	Plasma (nmol/mL)	Liver (nmol/mg protein)	Plasma (μmol/mL)	Liver (nmol/mg protein)	Plasma (mmol/L)	Liver (nmol/mg protein)
Control	2.08 ± 0.36	2.16 ± 0.23	528.62 ± 7.45	5.47 ± 0.34	0.512 ± 0.026	10.02 ± 0.36
Diabetic control	6.97 ± 0.33b	5.37 ± 0.34b	224.20 ± 13.43b	1.45 ± 0.19b	0.376 ± 0.024a	7.91 ± 0.30a
Cerium oxide	6.85 ± 0.42b,h	5.31 ± 0.31b,h	231.43 ± 5.68b,h	1.73 ± 0.23b,h	0.360 ± 0.016a,g	6.67 ± 0.40b,h
Nanocerium oxide	4.92 ± 0.42b,d,f	4.12 ± 0.22b,c,f	272.33 ± 10.49b,h	3.13 ± 0.29b,d,h	0.379 ± 0.010a,f	7.10 ± 0.25b,h
Sodium selenite	5.14 ± 0.33b,c,g	3.95 ± 0.22a,c,f	257.46 ± 12.28b,h	2.98 ± 0.17b,d,h	0.480 ± 0.025c,f	9.32 ± 0.32c
Nanocerium oxide + Sodium selenite	3.19 ± 0.30e	2.60 ± 0.26e	493.46 ± 7.45e	4.97 ± 0.28e	0.500 ± 0.024d	9.83 ± 0.30d

^aP < 0.01, ^bP < 0.001 vs control group; ^cP < 0.01, ^dP < 0.01, ^eP < 0.001 vs diabetic control group; ^fP < 0.05, ^gP < 0.01, ^hP < 0.001 vs Nanocerium oxide + Sodium selenite group. LPO: Lipid peroxidation; TAC: Total antioxidant capacity; TTM: Total thiol molecules.

Table 3 Effects of various treatments on plasma, liver catalase and superoxide dismutase (mean ± SE)

Groups	CAT activity		SOD activity
	Plasma (U/mL)	Liver (U/mg protein)	Plasma (U/mL)	Liver (U/mg protein)
Control	13.74 ± 0.26	76.25 ± 1.39	7.81 ± 3.98	16.22 ± 0.56
Diabetic control	5.39 ± 0.70c	51.26 ± 1.67c	6.30 ± 2.33b	11.78 ± 0.91c
Cerium oxide	6.50 ± 0.74c,i	52.20 ± 2.70c,i	6.18 ± 3.13b,g	10.02 ± 0.57c,i
Nanocerium oxide	9.05 ± 0.51c,e,h	66.38 ± 3.81e	7.45 ± 1.99d	12.37 ± 0.54b,g
Sodium selenite	8.31 ± 0.73c,d,i	63.09 ± 2.13b,d,g	6.50 ± 1.51a	11.78 ± 0.56c,h
Nanocerium oxide + Sodium selenite	12.86 ± 0.44f	72.75 ± 1.74f	7.68 ± 2.55d	15.55 ± 0.78e

^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001 vs control group; ^dP < 0.01, ^eP < 0.01, ^fP < 0.001 vs diabetic control group; ^gP < 0.05, ^hP < 0.01, ⁱP < 0.001 vs Nanocerium oxide + Sodium selenite group. CAT: Catalase; SOD: Superoxide dismutase.

Table 4 Effects of various treatments on plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and lipoproteins (mean ± SE)

Animal Groups	Cholestrol (mg/dL)	Triglyceride (mg/dL)	HDL (mg/dL)	LDL (mg/dL)
Control	69.41 ± 7.02	70.66 ± 6.66	41.28 ± 2.27	36.37 ± 1.91
Diabetic control	110.20 ± 5.09b	166.09 ± 8.53c	30.14 ± 1.83b	51.42 ± 2.80b
Cerium oxide	109.98 ± 5.53c	166.05 ± 10.03c,f	29.00 ± 1.95c,f	60.14 ± 1.62c,g
Nanocerium oxide	107.02 ± 1.48b	123.37 ± 8.72b,d	38.42 ± 1.46d	49.00 ± 2.80a
Sodium selenite	102.22 ± 6.77b	123.25 ± 6.43b,d	38.00 ± 1.43d	40.66 ± 2.66d
Nanocerium oxide + Sodium selenite	106.15 ± 5.79b	113.10 ± 8.17a,e	39.60 ± 2.13d	39.14 ± 2.79d

^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001 vs control group; ^dP < 0.01, ^eP < 0.01 vs diabetic control group; ^fP < 0.01, ^gP < 0.001 vs Nanocerium oxide + Sodium selenite group. HDL: High density lipoprotein; LDL: Low density lipoprotein.