Clinical significance of bone metabolic markers in osteoporosis-complicated type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk determinants: A retrospective study

doi:10.4239/wjd.123389

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Diabetes. Aug 15, 2026; 17(8): 123389
Published online Aug 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.123389

Table 1 General information comparison, mean ± SD

	OP group (n = 134)	Non-OP group (n = 81)	t/χ²	P value
Sex			3.369	0.066
Male	28	26
Female	106	55
Age (years)	72.25 ± 9.08	68.84 ± 8.92	2.689	0.008
Body mass index (kg/m²)	22.75 ± 3.10	22.73 ± 3.12	0.063	0.950
Disease course (years)	12.07 ± 6.84	70.99 ± 7.44	1.084	0.280
Smoking history	21	14	0.096	0.756
Drinking history	12	12	1.748	0.186
Hypertension	85	48	0.373	0.542
Peripheral neuropathy	93	47	2.877	0.090

OP: Osteoporosis.

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Table 2 Intergroup comparison of blood glucose and lipid levels, mean ± SD

	OP group (n = 134)	Non-OP group (n = 81)	t	P value
FBG	8.59 ± 2.83	7.21 ± 3.13	1.917	0.057
HbA1c (%)	9.67 ± 2.96	5.32 ± 0.85	2.198	0.029
TC	3.97 ± 0.77	4.52 ± 0.58	0.562	0.575
TG	1.28 ± 0.39	1.77 ± 0.97	0.351	0.726
LDL-C	2.01 ± 0.65	2.27 ± 0.76	0.581	0.562
HDL-C	1.03 ± 0.26	1.04 ± 0.29	0.858	0.392
1,25(OH)₂D₃	15.53 ± 8.70	15.09 ± 6.34	0.393	0.695

OP: Osteoporosis; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; LDL-C/HDL-C: Low-/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; 1,25(OH)₂D₃: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.

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Table 3 Intergroup comparison of bone metabolic markers, mean ± SD/median (interquartile 1, interquartile 3)

	OP group (n = 134)	Non-OP group (n = 81)	t/U	P value
ALP	70.00 ± 11.25	81.43 ± 54.54	1.145	0.254
PTH	72.89 (45.17, 103.54)	42.36 (26.25, 54.62)	4.262	< 0.0001
β-CTX	0.45 (0.23, 0.96)	0.37 (0.22, 0.54)	2.584	0.010
PINP	44.18 (30.52, 68.69)	42.77 (32.12, 68.52)	0.363	0.717
Ca	2.26 ± 0.19	2.22 ± 0.16	1.560	0.120
P	1.26 ± 0.10	1.18 ± 0.51	1.389	0.166

OP: Osteoporosis; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; PTH: Parathyroid hormone; β-CTX: Β-C-terminal cross-linked peptide of type I collagen; PINP: Propeptide of type I procollagen; Ca: Calcium; P: Phosphorus.

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Table 4 Correlation between bone metabolic markers and type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with osteoporosis

	Exposure status	OP group (n = 134)	Non-OP group (n = 81)	χ²	P value	OR	95%CI
PTH	< 88.49	81	77	31.051	< 0.0001	12.60	4.489-33.58
PTH	≥ 88.49	53	4	31.051	< 0.0001	12.60	4.489-33.58
β-CTX	< 1.33	13	1	5.948	0.015	8.595	1.326-92.76
β-CTX	≥ 1.33	121	80	5.948	0.015	8.595	1.326-92.76

OP: Osteoporosis; PTH: Parathyroid hormone; β-CTX: Β-C-terminal cross-linked peptide of type I collagen; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

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Table 5 Multivariate regression analysis of risk determinants for osteoporosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Variable	β	SE	Wald	P value	OR	95%CI
Constant	-4.121	1.354	9.260	0.002	0.016
Age (years)	0.040	0.018	5.061	0.024	1.040	1.005-1.077
HbA1c (%)	0.082	0.066	1.508	0.219	1.085	0.953-1.236
PTH	0.017	0.005	11.872	0.001	1.017	1.007-1.027
β-CTX	0.269	0.404	0.443	0.506	1.308	0.593-2.889
Disease course (years)	-0.004	0.023	0.032	0.859	0.996	0.954-1.042
Smoking history (0 = no, 1 = yes)	-0.201	0.480	0.176	0.675	0.818	0.319-2.094

HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; PTH: Parathyroid hormone; β-CTX: Β-C-terminal cross-linked peptide of type I collagen; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

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Citation: Lu HL, Yu F, Zhou HF, Hu P, Gan SL. Clinical significance of bone metabolic markers in osteoporosis-complicated type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk determinants: A retrospective study. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(8): 123389
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i8/123389.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.123389

Lu HL, Yu F, Zhou HF, Hu P, Gan SL. Clinical significance of bone metabolic markers in osteoporosis-complicated type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk determinants: A retrospective study. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(8): 123389 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.123389]

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