Regulatory effects of Dangua Fang on the NAMPT/NAD+/SIRT1 axis and amino acid metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats

Table 1 Composition of Dangua Fang

Chinese name	Scientific name	Used parts	Per 100 g (g)
Danshen	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	Root	18.75
Gualou	Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim	Fruit and seeds	18.75
Chuanxiong	Conioselinum anthriscoides “Chuanxiong”	Rhizome	12.5
Yujin	Curcuma longa L	Root	12.5
Xiebai	Allium macrostemon Bunge	Bulb	12.5
Chishao	Paeonia lactiflora Pall	Root	12.5
Banxia	Pinellia ternata (Thunb) Makino	Rhizome	6.25
Jiangcan	Bombyx batryticatus	Whole insect	6.25

Table 2 Primer sequences for quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction

Name	Sequences (5’-3’)	Length (bp)
NAMPT	F: GTTGCTGCCACCTTACCTTAG	126
	R: CCACCAGAACCAAAGGAGAC
SIRT1	F: GACGCCTTATCCTCTAGTTCCT	130
	R: CAGCATCATCTTCCAAGCCATT
β-actin	F: CGCGAGTACAACCTTCTTGC	211
	R: CCTTCTGACCCATACCCACC

NAMPT: Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; SIRT1: Sirtuin 1.

Table 3 Comparison of blood glucose levels, mean ± SD

Group	FBG (mmol/L)			PBG (mmol/L)
	Week 1	Week 7	Week 15	Week 1	Week 7	Week 15
CON	6.41 ± 0.83	5.30 ± 0.90	6.66 ± 0.82	7.14 ± 0.72	6.06 ± 0.74	6.16 ± 0.68
MOD	16.53 ± 1.72a	18.17 ± 2.38a	19.77 ± 1.45a	20.20 ± 2.52a	22.23 ± 3.28a	25.25 ± 2.95a
DFG	15.98 ± 2.17	12.18 ± 1.61c	14.37 ± 1.89c	20.18 ± 2.33	12.76 ± 2.71c	22.06 ± 3.31b
MET	15.94 ± 1.94	9.71 ± 1.95c	13.41 ± 1.77c	19.89 ± 2.34	13.07 ± 3.16c	15.79 ± 3.28c

^aP < 0.01 vs the control group.

^bP < 0.05 vs the model group.

^cP < 0.01 vs the model group.

n = 8 per group. CON: Control group; MOD: Model group; DFG: Dangua Fang group; MET: Metformin group; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; PBG: Postprandial blood glucose.

Table 4 Comparison of glucolipid metabolism-related indicators, mean ± SD

Group	Liver weight (g)	Liver index (%)	HbA1c (mg/L)	TC (mmol/L)	TG (mmol/L)	HDL-C (mmol/L)	LDL-C (mmol/L)	FFA (mmol/L)
CON	12.32 ± 2.75	3.28 ± 1.22	0.52 ± 0.08	2.27 ± 1.34	4.09 ± 1.38	1.60 ± 0.28	0.15 ± 0.08	0.80 ± 0.24
MOD	24.79 ± 2.75a	8.39 ± 2.39a	1.82 ± 0.25a	22.12 ± 2.45a	11.08 ± 2.62a	0.85 ± 0.25a	1.40 ± 0.18a	1.55 ± 0.33a
DFG	21.53 ± 2.78b	6.15 ± 1.66b	1.23 ± 0.21c	11.16 ± 1.66c	9.09 ± 2.08	1.01 ± 0.23	0.87 ± 0.15c	0.73 ± 0.26c
MET	21.02 ± 2.55b	5.86 ± 1.57b	0.98 ± 0.16c	10.88 ± 2.42c	8.77 ± 2.17b	1.05 ± 0.22	0.80 ± 0.14c	0.65 ± 0.24c

^aP < 0.01 vs the control group.

^bP < 0.05 vs the model group.

^cP < 0.01 vs the model group.

n = 8 per group. CON: Control group; MOD: Model group; DFG: Dangua Fang group; MET: Metformin group; HbA1c: Haemoglobin A1c; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FFA: Free fatty acids.

Table 5 Comparison of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/sirtuin 1 axis expression, mean ± SD

Group	NAD+	NAMPT			SIRT1
		mRNA	Protein	Positive area (%)	mRNA	Protein	Positive area (%)
CON	77.12 ± 13.19	1.28 ± 0.21	1.69 ± 0.21	58.75 ± 7.55	1.18 ± 0.19	1.37 ± 0.21	61.14 ± 6.09
MOD	9.62 ± 3.22a	0.73 ± 0.22a	0.82 ± 0.22a	19.77 ± 3.92a	0.56 ± 0.23a	0.81 ± 0.19a	23.67 ± 3.98a
DFG	26.34 ± 7.73c	1.08 ± 0.23c	1.54 ± 0.23c	43.83 ± 5.31c	0.99 ± 0.20c	1.24 ± 0.24c	47.77 ± 5.03c
MET	29.63 ± 10.68c	1.01 ± 0.22b	1.49 ± 0.19c	50.22 ± 5.34c	1.04 ± 0.18c	1.29 ± 0.23c	36.21 ± 5.08c

^aP < 0.01 vs the control group.

^bP < 0.05 vs the model group.

^cP < 0.01 vs the model group.

n = 8 per group. CON: Control group; MOD: Model group; DFG: Dangua Fang group; MET: Metformin group; NAD⁺: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NAMPT: Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; SIRT1: Sirtuin 1.