ICAM-1 enigma in diabetic retinopathy: How population genetics challenges a universal pathogenesis model

Table 1 Clinical trials on the association between ICAM-1 and diabetic retinopathy

Ref.	Number of subjects	Results	Conclusions
Oomen et al[56], 2004	9	sICAM-1 (r = -0.76, P < 0.05)	Acute hyperinsulinaemia does not increase skin microvascular permeability, haemodynamics, or parameters of endothelial dysfunction
Paskowitz et al[57], 2012	13	Instillation site irritation (4/13, 31%) and dysgeusia (3/13, 23%)	Topical SAR 1118 was safe and well tolerated
Muni et al[58], 2013	1441	Q5: HR = 1.50 (95%CI: 0.84-2.68; P for trend = 0.05; Q1 as reference)	Circulating levels of ICAM-1 may also be associated with the development of retinal hard exudates
Podkowinski et al[59], 2020	18	sICAM-1 (weeks 2 and 8) were significantly decreased compared with baseline	The dexamethasone implant affected the aqueous cytokines and proteins MCP-1, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and MIG