Association between gestational diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia in the Buea Health District, Cameroon

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of pregnant women in the Buea Health District

Parameter	Category	n (%)
Age groups (years)	20-26	44 (38.9)
	27-33	50 (44.2)
	≥ 34	19(16.8)
	Total	113 (100)
Marital status	Single	74 (65.5)
	Married	38 (33.6)
	Divorced	1 (0.9)
	Total	113 (100)
Occupation	Employed	45 (39.8)
	Unemployed	36 (31.9)
	Student	32 (28.3)
	Total	113 (100)
Level of education	Primary	6 (5.3)
	Secondary	23 (20.4)
	Tertiary	84 (74.3)
	Total	113 (100)

Table 2 Lifestyle, clinical, and obstetric characteristics of pregnant women in the Buea Health District

Parameter	Category	n (%)
Family history of diabetes mellitus	Yes	64 (56.6)
	No	49 (43.4)
	Total	113 (100)
Gestational age	2nd trimester	34 (30.1)
	3rd trimester	79 (69.9)
	Total	113 (100)
Number of births	0	10 (8.8)
	≤ 2	72 (63.7)
	> 2	31 (27.4)
	Total	113 (100)
Number of miscarriages	0	96 (85.0)
	1	12 (10.6)
	2	5 (4.4)
	Total	113 (100)
Physical activity	Never	11 (9.7)
	Daily	59 (52.2)
	Often	36 (31.5)
	Infrequently	7 (6.2)
	Total	113 (100)
Daily consumption of fruits and vegetables	Yes	105 (92.9)
	No	8 (7.1)
	Total	113 (100)

Table 3 Measured biochemical parameters of normoglycemic vs women with gestational diabetes in the Buea Health District, mean ± SD

Parameter	Gestational diabetes	Normo-glycemic	t value	P value
FPG (mg/dL)	169.42 ± 38.28	89.22 ± 17.92	-7.17	< 0.001
TGs (mg/dL)	129.17 ± 72.54	115.44 ± 52.20	-0.82	0.41
Chol (mg/dL)	228.67 ± 90.73	130.94 ± 45.49	-3.68	0.003
LDL-C (mg/dL)	62.50 ± 40.19	45.51 ± 29.40	-1.82	0.07
HDL-C (mg/dL)	1.17 ± 0.34	63.36 ± 32.51	-0.90	0.386

Chol: Cholesterol; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TGs: Triglycerides.

Table 4 Sociodemographic factors associated with gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women in the Buea Health District, n (%)

Factors	GDM		aOR (95%CI)	P value
	No	Yes
Age (year)
20-26	43 (95.5)	1 (4.4)	1
27-33	43 (86.0)	7 (14.0)	7.0 (0.83-2.05)	0.06
≥ 34	15 (78.9)	4 (21.1)	11.47 (1.19-3.15)	0.03
Marital status
Divorced	1 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	1
Married	35 (92.1)	3 (7.9)	-	1.00
Single	65 (87.8)	9 (12.2)	-	1.00
Level of education
Primary	6 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	1
Secondary	21 (91.3)	2 (8.7)	-	1.00
University	74 (88.1)	10 (11.9)	-	1.00
Employment status
Employed	43 (97.7)	1 (2.3)	1
Unemployed	30 (83.3)	6 (16.7)	8.80 (1.01-3.06)	0.04
Student	27 (81.8)	5 (18.2)	8.15 (0.90-1.13)	0.08

aOR: Adjusted odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus.

Table 5 Clinical and lifestyle factors associated with gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women, n (%)

Factors	GDM		aOR (95%CI)	P value
	No	Yes
Physical activity
Daily	55 (93.2)	4 (6.8)	1
Never	10 (90.9)	1 (9.1)	1.38 (0.14-13.61)	1.00
Often	32 (88.9)	4 (11.1)	1.83 (0.43-7.86)	0.46
Infrequently	4 (57.1)	3 (42.9)	10.31 (1.69-6.93)	0.02
Fruits and vegetables
No	8 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	1
Yes	93 (88.6)	12 (11.4)	-	0.59
Family history of diabetes
No	47 (95.9)	2 (4.1)	1
Yes	54 (84.4)	10 (15.6)	4.35 (0.91-2.10)	0.04
Number of births
0	9 (90.0)	1 (10.0)	1
≤ 2	66 (91.7)	6 (8.3)	0.82 (0.09-7.59)	1.00
> 2	26 (83.9)	5 (16.1)	1.73 (0.18-16.87)	1.00
Number of miscarriages
0	87 (90.6)	9 (9.4)	1
1	9 (75.0)	3 (25.0)	3.22 (0.74-14.09)	0.12
2	5 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	-	1.00
Gestational age
2nd trimester	33 (97.1)	1 (2.9)	1
3rd trimester	68 (86.1)	11 (13.9)	5.34 (0.66-43.4)	0.10

aOR: Adjusted odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus.

Table 6 Distribution of dyslipidemia prevalence among pregnancy trimesters, n (%)

Trimester	Dyslipidemia	Normal	χ²	P value
2nd trimester	6 (5.32)	28 (27.76)	4.52	0.003
3rd trimester	30 (26.58)	49 (43.34)

Table 7 Sociodemographic factors associated with dyslipidemia in pregnant women in the Buea Health District, n (%)

Factors	Dyslipidemia		aOR (95%CI)	P value
	No	Yes
Age (year)
20-26	34 (72.3)	10 (22.7)	1
27-33	32 (64.0)	18 (36.0)	1.91 (0.77-4.76)	0.18
≥ 34	11 (57.9)	8 (42.1)	2.47 (0.78-7.82)	0.14
Marital status
Divorced	1 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	1
Married	25 (65.8)	13 (34.2)	-	1.00
Single	51 (75.5)	23 (24.5)	-	1.00
Level of education
Primary	4 (66.7)	2 (33.3)	1
Secondary	16 (69.6)	7 (30.4)	0.88 (0.13-5.94)	1.00
University	57 (67.9)	27 (32.1)	0.95 (0.16-5.49)	1.00
Employment status
Employed	32 (71.1)	13 (28.9)	1
Unemployed	25 (69.4)	11 (30.6)	1.08 (0.42-2.82)	1.00
Student	20 (62.5)	12 (37.5)	1.48 (0.56-3.87)	0.47

aOR: Adjusted odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 8 Clinical and social characteristics associated with dyslipidemia in pregnant women in the Buea Health District, n (%)

Factors	Dyslipidemia		aOR (95%CI)	P value
	No	Yes
Physical activity
Daily	37 (80.4)	9 (19.6)	1
Never	9 (45.0)	11 (55.0)	0.88 (0.30-2.56)	1.00
Often	25 (67.6)	12 (32.4)	1.20 (0.41-3.51)	0.79
Infrequently	14 (77.8)	4 (22.2)	0.57 (0.15-2.25)	0.51
Fruits and vegetables
No	5 (65.20	3 (37.5)	1
Yes	72 (65.3)	33 (34.70	0.76 (0.17-3.39)	0.71
Family history of diabetes
No	33 (67.3)	16 (32.7)	1
Yes	44 (68.8)	20 (31.3)	0.94 (0.42-2.08)	1.00
Number of births
0	5 (50.0)	5 (50.0)	1
≤ 2	54 (75.0)	18 (25.0)	0.33 (0.09-1.28)	0.13
> 2	18 (58.1)	13 (41.9)	0.72 (0.17-3.02)	0.72
Number of miscarriages
0	68 (70.8_	28 (29.2)	1
1	7 (58.3)	5 (41.7)	1.73 (0.51-5.930	0.51
2	2 (40.0)	3 (60.0)	3.64 (0.58-22.99)	0.17
Gestational age
2nd trimester	28 (82.4)	6 (17.6)	1
3rd trimester	49 (62.0)	30 (37.9)	2.86 (1.06-7.70)	0.04

aOR: Adjusted odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 9 Association between gestational diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia in pregnant women in the Buea Health District, n (%)

Dyslipidemia	GDM		χ²	P value
	No	Yes
No	72 (63.72)	5 (4.42)	4.34	0.037
Yes	29 (25.66)	7 (6.19)

GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus.