SLC30A8 promoter hypermethylation is associated with type 2 diabetes and diabetic kidney disease in a Chinese population

Table 1 Clinical parameters of non-diabetic control subjects, type 2 diabetes and diabetic kidney disease patients, mean ± SD

	NDC	Newly T2D	T2D	DKD	P value, a/b/c
N (females)	132 (43.2%)	135 (43.0%)	399 (41.1%)	154 (35.1%)
Age (years)	55 ± 17	52 ± 14	55 ± 16	60 ± 14	0.548/0.192/0.005
BMI (kg/m2)	25.2 ± 5.2	25.1 ± 4.1	25.5 ± 3.7	25.6 ± 3.7	0.994/0.725/0.995
SBP (mmHg)	135 ± 18	130 ± 16	135 ± 18	141 ± 20	0.029/0.047/0.001
DBP (mmHg)	85 ± 15	83 ± 9	82 ± 11	81 ± 13	0.729/0.812/0.649
FBG (mol/L)	5.6 ± 1.9	9.2 ± 4.1	8.0 ± 3.3	8.1 ± 3.7	< 0.001/0.002/0.992
HbA1c (%)/(mmol/mol)1	6.0 ± 1.5/42.4 ± 16.1	10.1 ± 2.7/86.5 ± 26.3	8.8 ± 2.2/72.7 ± 23.9	9.2 ± 2.1/77.1 ± 23.0	< 0.001/< 0.001/0.204
Fc-peptide (ng/mL)	1.94 ± 1.34	1.59 ± 0.97	1.83 ± 1.08	2.04 ± 1.65	0.124/0.245/0.266
UACR (mg/g)	8.6 ± 11.5	11.7 ± 12.9	142.5 ± 51.6	914.3 ± 346.7	0.996/0.214/< 0.001
SCr (μmol/L)	70.2 ± 25.3	63.0 ± 15.2	72.5 ± 25.4	120.1 ± 106.2	0.650/0.235/< 0.001
BUN (mmol/L)	7.9 ± 3.1	5.4 ± 1.6	6.8 ± 6.8	9.6 ± 14.3	0.146/0.492/0.016
LDL (mmol/L)	2.6 ± 0.6	3.1 ± 0.9	2.8 ± 0.9	2.8 ± 1.0	< 0.001/0.027/0.995
HDL (mmol/L)	1.3 ± 0.3	3.5 ± 0.8	1.3 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.3	0.063/0.014/0.996
TG (mmol/L)	1.7 ± 1.2	2.0 ± 1.7	2.2 ± 2.7	2.2 ± 2.3	0.708/0.936/0.992
TC (mmol/L)	4.4 ± 0.9	4.9 ± 1.3	4.7 ± 1.3	4.8 ± 1.3	0.004/0.298/0.959
AST (U/L)	21.8 ± 14.8	19.5 ± 16.5	20.6 ± 18.5	19.3 ± 13.7	0.649/0.897/0.825
ALT (U/L)	31.3 ± 32.2	26.6 ± 22.9	24.9 ± 31.7	20.8 ± 14.7	0.528/0.935/0.431

¹Converted with National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program to International Federation of Clinical Chemistry unit: Mmol/mol; P values, a: Non-diabetic control subjects vs newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes; b: Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes vs type 2 diabetes; c: Type 2 diabetes vs diabetic kidney disease.

NDC: Non-diabetic control subjects; Newly T2D: Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes; T2D: Type 2 diabetes; DKD: Diabetic kidney disease; BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; UACR: Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; SCr: Serum creatinine; BUN: Serum urea nitrogen; HDL: High density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL: Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase.

Table 2 Physical exercise and metabolic parameters of the healthy subjects at the baseline and after physical exercise, mean ± SD

Characteristics	Baseline	PiPy	Changes	P value1
BW (kg)	67.74 ± 12.96	68.80 ± 12.36	1.11 ± 2.28	0.373
BMI (kg/m2)	22.18 ± 3.64	22.59 ± 3.47	0.43 ± 0.85	0.218
Hipline (m)	93.91 ± 7.44	93.64 ± 10.06	-0.27 ± 9.81	0.747
Sit-and-reach (cm)	7.03 ± 8.28	14.84 ± 7.58	7.87 ± 6.84	< 0.0001
Handgrip (N)	36.93 ± 7.47	43.03 ± 10.84	5.95 ± 10.13	< 0.0001
1000 m-run (minutes)	4.08 ± 0.53	3.73 ± 0.42	-0.35 ± 0.34	< 0.0001
PA (°)	5.40 ± 0.57	5.54 ± 0.46	0.14 ± 0.37	0.005
SBP (mmHg)	118.67 ± 10.24	116.17 ± 11.27	-2.50 ± 9.32	0.013
DBP (mmHg)	68.28 ± 7.07	65.19 ± 9.69	-3.10 ± 8.48	< 0.0001
HR (bmp)	80.70 ± 12.09	70.79 ± 10.21	-10.09 ± 10.96	<0.0001
Relafat value (%)	15.85 ± 8.02	17.34 ± 7.52	1.49 ± 2.40	0.041
Abdfat value (%)	11.54 ± 7.71	12.67 ± 7.61	1.12 ± 1.89	0.116
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.48 ± 0.22	1.50 ± 0.40	0.02 ± 0.31	0.592
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.54 ± 0.78	1.65 ± 0.66	-0.89 ± 0.54	< 0.0001
TG (mmol/L)	1.00 ± 0.57	0.79 ± 0.56	-0.21 ± 0.51	< 0.0001
TC (mmol/L)	4.48 ± 0.83	3.51 ± 0.83	-0.97 ± 0.75	< 0.0001
FBG (mmol/L)	3.62 ± 0.41	4.51 ± 0.67	0.89 ± 0.74	< 0.0001
INS (uIU/mL)	6.82 ± 4.80	5.28 ± 2.28	-1.55 ± 4.64	0.013
HOMA-IR	1.11 ± 0.78	1.05 ± 0.49	-0.06 ± 0.77	0.598

¹The baseline vs physical exercise intervention program in the youth.

BW: Body weight; BMI: Body mass index; PA: Phase angle; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HR: Heart rate; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; INS: Insulin; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; PiPy: Physical exercise intervention program in the youth; Relafat: Relative fat; Abdfat: Abdominal fat.