Correlation between serum advanced glycation end-products and their receptor-mediated oxidative stress and perinatal outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Inter-group comparison of general information

Parameter	Control group (n = 85)	GDM group (n = 126)	χ2/t	P value
Age (years)	28.33 ± 3.17	28.58 ± 3.02	1.083	0.280
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)	22.57 ± 2.19	22.44 ± 2.16	1.428	0.155
Parity (time)			0.148	0.929
0	38	53
1	42	65
≥ 2	5	8
Gestational age at delivery (weeks)	38.37 ± 0.72	38.23 ± 0.73	0.808	0.420
Newborn body mass (g)	3587 ± 438	3675 ± 323	1.614	0.108
Smoking history	7	12	0.103	0.748
Alcohol consumption history	9	18	0.622	0.430
Family history of diabetes mellitus	18	36	1.458	0.227
FPG
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	4.11 ± 0.44	5.51 ± 0.30	26.40	< 0.00011
Before delivery	4.08 ± 0.32	4.81 ± 0.44	13.49	< 0.00011
HbA1c (%)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	4.93 ± 0.46	6.05 ± 0.29	9.280	< 0.00011
Before delivery	4.88 ± 0.39	5.56 ± 0.47	25.00	< 0.00011
TC (mmol/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	5.46 ± 0.33	5.49 ± 0.36	0.143	0.886
Before delivery	5.89 ± 0.46	5.95 ± 0.37	1.127	0.261
TG (mmol/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	2.88 ± 0.22	2.93 ± 0.19	1.862	0.064
Before delivery	3.17 ± 0.31	3.22 ± 0.34	0.228	0.822
HDL-C (mmol/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	1.65 ± 0.24	1.69 ± 0.34	1.412	0.159
Before delivery	1.81 ± 0.21	1.87 ± 0.29	1.085	0.279
LDL-C (mmol/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	3.55 ± 0.46	3.66 ± 0.50	1.211	0.227
Before delivery	3.76 ± 0.51	3.85 ± 0.48	1.393	0.165

¹Statistically significant difference.

GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI: Body mass index; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; AGE: Advanced glycation end-product; sRAGE: Soluble advanced glycation end-product receptor; RAGE: Advanced glycation end-product receptor; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 2 Comparison of serum indexes

Time Frame	Grouping	AGEs (ng/L)	sRAGE (ng/L)	SOD (U/L)	MDA (μmol/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	Control group (n = 85)	385.26 ± 51.25	374.25 ± 54.26	92.25 ± 5.21	3.31 ± 0.64
	GDM group (n = 126)	461.25 ± 69.25	281.25 ± 39.58	83.65 ± 3.25	4.86 ± 0.81
	t value	8.955	16.37	18.50	14.14
	P value	< 0.00011	< 0.00011	< 0.00011	< 0.00011
Before delivery	Control group (n = 85)	401.25 ± 42.65	368.56 ± 51.24	90.36 ± 5.08	3.28 ± 0.61
	GDM group (n = 126)	475.26 ± 62.58	274.15 ± 33.59	80.34 ± 3.41	5.24 ± 0.84
	t value	8.546	18.40	16.99	18.69
	P value	< 0.00011	< 0.00011	< 0.00011	< 0.00011

¹Statistically significant difference.

AGE: Advanced glycation end-product; sRAGE: Soluble advanced glycation end-product receptor; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; MDA: Malondialdehyde; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus.

Table 3 Comparison of general data of pregnant women with different perinatal outcomes

Parameter	Normal perinatal outcome (n = 89)	Adverse perinatal outcome (n = 37)	χ2/t	P value
Age (years)	28.66 ± 3.26	29.24 ± 3.76	0.869	0.387
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)	22.11 ± 2.14	22.21 ± 2.17	0.238	0.812
Parity (time)			3.965	0.138
0	33	20
1	51	14
≥ 2	5	3
Gestational age at delivery (weeks)	38.27 ± 0.75	38.31 ± 0.71	0.277	0.782
Newborn body mass (g)	3677 ± 335	3663 ± 347	0.211	0.833
Adverse outcome			-	-
Newborn birth weight does not correspond to the week of gestation	-	9
Congenital dysplasia	-	6
Birth injury	-	3
Neonatal asphyxia	-	6
Newborns hypoglycemia	-	4
Neonatal ultrasound or neonatal electrocardiogram abnormalities	-	6
Neonatal neurobehavioral score < 35 points	-	3
History of smoking	6	6	2.723	0.099
History of drinking	10	8	2.302	0.129
Family history of diabetes	22	14	2.204	0.138
FPG
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	5.51 ± 0.32	5.47 ± 0.33	0.633	0.528
Before delivery	4.77 ± 0.38	4.83 ± 0.48	0.745	0.457
HbA1c (%)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	6.06 ± 0.28	6.04 ± 0.32	0.350	0.727
Before delivery	5.56 ± 0.52	5.50 ± 0.38	0.634	0.527
TC (mmol/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	5.42 ± 0.36	5.51 ± 0.38	1.257	0.211
Before delivery	5.98 ± 0.39	5.89 ± 0.34	1.223	0.224
TG (mmol/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	2.94 ± 0.21	2.92 ± 0.22	0.480	0.632
Before delivery	3.18 ± 0.37	3.19 ± 0.35	0.140	0.889
HDL-C (mmol/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	1.70 ± 0.29	1.72 ± 0.35	0.331	0.741
Before delivery	1.86 ± 0.24	1.81 ± 0.35	0.924	0.357
LDL-C (mmol/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	3.64 ± 0.45	3.60 ± 0.54	0.428	0.669
Before delivery	3.84 ± 0.48	3.89 ± 0.46	0.539	0.591
AGE (ng/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	436.22 ± 56.73	525.93 ± 38.75	8.795	< 0.00011
Before delivery	445.23 ± 53.78	541.10 ± 51.51	9.225	< 0.00011
sRAGE (ng/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	295.75 ± 36.52	255.70 ± 28.03	5.973	< 0.00011
Before delivery	275.72 ± 33.17	254.18 ± 24.51	3.563	< 0.0011
SOD (U/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	83.94 ± 3.18	82.16 ± 3.06	2.898	0.0051
Before delivery	80.76 ± 2.81	79.10 ± 3.39	2.284	0.0051
MDA (μmol/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	4.63 ± 0.64	5.12 ± 0.75	3.667	< 0.0011
Before delivery	5.09 ± 0.89	5.56 ± 0.70	2.877	0.0051

¹Statistically significant difference.

BMI: Body mass index; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; AGE: Advanced glycation end-product; sRAGE: Soluble advanced glycation end-product receptor; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; MDA: Malondialdehyde.

Table 4 Logistic regression of risk factors for adverse perinatal outcomes

Measurement	β	SE	Wald	P value	Odd ratios	Unadjusted 95%CI	Adjusted 95%CI
Constant	-11.302	9.945	1.292	0.256	0.000		-
AGEs	0.054	0.012	21.838	0.0001	1.056	8.562-169.764	1.032-1.080
sRAGE	-0.053	0.014	14.451	0.0001	0.949	0.012-0.150	0.923-0.975
SOD	-0.025	0.102	0.058	0.810	0.976	0.268-1.267	0.799-1.191
MDA	0.113	0.552	0.042	0.838	1.119	1.461-7.553	0.380-3.299

¹Statistically significant difference.

AGE: Advanced glycation end-product; sRAGE: Soluble advanced glycation end-product receptor; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; MDA: Malondialdehyde.