Glabridin and gymnemic acid alleviates choroid structural change and choriocapillaris impairment in diabetic rat’s eyes

doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i3.97336

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Mar 15, 2025 (publication date) through Jan 23, 2025

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Basic Study

World J Diabetes. Mar 15, 2025; 16(3): 97336
Published online Mar 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i3.97336

Table 1 A comparison of blood glucose levels in different groups (mg/dL)

Week	C (mg/dL)	DM (mg/dL)	DM + GB (mg/dL)	DM + GM (mg/dL)	DM + GR (mg/dL)
1	70.5 ± 4.92	360.50 ± 32.33¹	314.83 ± 30.71¹	362.89 ± 49.29¹	297.67 ± 20.69
2	72.00 ± 5.49	290.50 ± 34.44¹	311.67 ± 49.73¹	269.22 ± 35.60¹	241.00 ± 36.43³
3	79.17 ± 3.25	351.17 ± 43.25¹	305.33 ± 52.59¹	188.00 ± 41.51¹	176.50 ± 38.65³
4	73.33 ± 3.57	253.67 ± 30.75¹	170.67 ± 41.11	240.89 ± 48.70¹	187.50 ± 45.61
5	72.00 ± 3.98	301.50 ± 55.41¹	137.00 ± 40.87²	289.78 ± 50.06²	192.50 ± 54.94
6	73.58 ± 3.55	351.00 ± 34.82¹	69.50 ± 13.69³	249.78 ± 49.68²	149.00 ± 47.48³
7	73.00 ± 4.25	457.00 ± 20.99¹	158.33 ± 37.64³	259.00 ± 45.53²	165.83 ± 49.04³
8	74.67 ± 3.31	353.83 ± 35.16¹	174.50 ± 30.99³	213.44 ± 40.73²	160.67 ± 52.46³

¹P < 0.001 compared with control group.

²P < 0.01 compared with diabetic group.

³P < 0.001 compared with diabetic group.

C: Control; DM: Diabetic; DM + GB: Diabetic rats treated with glabridin 40 mg/kg body weight; DM + GM: Diabetic rats treated with gymnemic acid 400 mg/kg body weight; DM + GR: Diabetic rats treated with glyburide 4 mg/kg body weight.

Table 2 A comparison of glycated hemoglobin in different groups

Groups	C	DM	DM + GB	DM + GM	DM + GR
HbA1c	3.77 ± 0.29	8.61 ± 3.11³	6.66 ± 0.51²^,⁵	7.44 ± 0.27³^,⁴	5.53 ± 0.28¹^,⁶

¹P < 0.01 compared with control group.

²P < 0.001 compared with control group.

³P < 0.0001 compared with control group.

⁴P < 0.05 compared with diabetic group.

⁵P < 0.01 compared with diabetic group.

⁶P < 0.001 compared with diabetic group.

Table 3 A comparison of the body weight in different groups

Week	C (g)	DM (g)	DM + GB (g)	DM + GM (g)	DM + GR (g)
1	256.66 ± 5.25	178.83 ± 3.56⁵	173.33 ± 4.71⁵	240.83 ± 4.24¹	197.66 ± 8.24⁵
2	286.50 ± 6.17	187.33 ± 5.52⁵	181.16 ± 5.93⁵	216.38 ± 10.03³	221.33 ± 14.33²
3	305.66 ± 8.55	178.83 ± 7.60⁵	181.00 ± 8.09⁵	232.33 ± 8.13³	215.50 ± 19.72¹
4	325.50 ± 8.17	167.50 ± 10.45⁵	179.16 ± 9.15⁵	231.66 ± 9.19⁴	211.33 ± 11.81⁴
5	342.66 ± 9.02	171.83 ± 12.38⁹	166.50 ± 13.52	263.33 ± 15.15⁸	212.16 ± 10.28⁶
6	352.50 ± 8.01	173.50 ± 11.01⁹	179.16 ± 13.28	267.50 ± 15.31⁸	209.33 ± 7.85⁶
7	370.50 ± 8.66	159.50 ± 13.52⁹	175.50 ± 13.04	275.83 ± 16.86⁸	199.00 ± 8.03⁶
8	371.00 ± 9.27	182.00 ± 13.82⁹	191.00 ± 14.61	286.66 ± 18.28⁷	222.83 ± 6.25⁶

¹P < 0.1 compared with control group.

²P < 0.01 compared with control group.

³P < 0.001 compared with control group.

⁴P < 0.0001 compared with control group.

⁵P < 0.000001 compared with control group.

⁶P < 0.1 compared with diabetic group.

⁷P < 0.01 compared with diabetic group.

⁸P < 0.001 compared with diabetic group.

⁹P < 0.000001 compared with diabetic group.

Table 4 The mean wall thickness of the choroid arteries in all five groups of rats

Groups	Wall thickness of CRA (μm)
Control	9.48 ± 1.13¹
DM	16.35 ± 5.01
DM + GB	10.23 ± 1.11¹
DM + GM	10.41 ± 1.44¹
DM + GR	9.80 ± 1.78¹

¹P < 0.01 compared with diabetic group.

CRA: Choroid arteries; DM: Diabetic; DM + GB: Diabetic rats treated with glabridin 40 mg/kg body weight; DM + GM: Diabetic rats treated with gymnemic acid 400 mg/kg body weight; DM + GR: Diabetic rats treated with glyburide 4 mg/kg body weight.

Table 5 The average diameters of choroid arteries, and choriocapillaris in five groups at 8 weeks

Groups	Diameters of blood vessels (μm), mean ± SE
Groups	Choroidal arteries	Choriocapillaris
Control	89.73 ± 2.82	10.52 ± 0.72
DM	60.31 ± 2.71	4.68 ± 0.65
DM + GB	81.18 ± 3.56	8.88 ± 0.70
DM + GM	80.31 ± 3.83	7.76 ± 0.82
DM + GR	79.82 ± 4.73	9.54 ± 0.78
P value	< 0.001	< 0.001

DM: Diabetic; DM + GB: Diabetic rats treated with glabridin 40 mg/kg body weight; DM + GM: Diabetic rats treated with gymnemic acid 400 mg/kg body weight; DM + GR: Diabetic rats treated with glyburide 4 mg/kg body weight.

Citation: Matsathit U, Komolkriengkrai M, Khimmaktong W. Glabridin and gymnemic acid alleviates choroid structural change and choriocapillaris impairment in diabetic rat’s eyes. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(3): 97336
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i3/97336.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v16.i3.97336