Prevalence and clinical characteristics of chronic kidney disease among patients with newly diagnosed ketosis-onset diabetes

doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i3.100059

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Diabetes. Mar 15, 2025; 16(3): 100059
Published online Mar 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i3.100059

Table 1 Comparison of demographic and baseline characteristics of subjects

Variables	T1DM, n = 217	Ketosis-onset diabetes, n = 698	Non-ketotic T2DM, n = 993	P value	P value²
Male	120 (55.3)	520 (74.5)	605 (60.9)	< 0.001	< 0.001
Age in years	39 ± 19	49 ± 15	55 ± 14	< 0.001	< 0.001
Hypertension	29 (13.4)	258 (37.0)	445 (44.8)	< 0.001	< 0.001
Smoking	61 (28.1)	278 (39.8)	342 (34.4)	0.003	0.451
Alcohol	28 (12.9)	153 (21.9)	196 (19.7)	0.014	0.305
LLDs	39 (18.0)	186 (26.6)	316 (31.8)	< 0.001	0.003
APAs	40 (18.4)	190 (27.2)	345 (34.7)	< 0.001	0.640
DR	10 (4.6)	59 (8.5)	106 (10.7)	0.014	0.018
SBP in mmHg	119 ± 15	128 ± 16	129 ± 16	< 0.001	< 0.001
DBP in mmHg	75 ± 10	82 ± 11	81 ± 9	< 0.001	< 0.001
BMI in kg/m²	21.26 ± 3.95	24.99 ± 3.57	24.94 ± 3.41	< 0.001	< 0.001
WHR	0.87 ± 0.06	0.92 ± 0.06	0.92 ± 0.06	< 0.001	< 0.001
FPG in mmol/L¹	8.23 (6.24-11.04)	9.74 (7.71-12.54)	8.07 (6.7-10.05)	< 0.001	0.002
2-h PPG in mmol/L¹	14.95 (10.75-18.67)	16.28 (12.48-20.24)	14.01 (10.83-17.31)	< 0.001	0.020
HbA1c as %	11.66 ± 2.86	11.44 ± 2.23	9.98 ± 2.49	< 0.001	< 0.001
FCP in ng/mL¹	0.62 (0.29-1.05)	1.36 (0.8-2.05)	2.09 (1.35-3.04)	< 0.001	< 0.001
2-h PCP in ng/mL¹	1.11 (0.59-2.20)	2.52 (1.48-3.99)	4.83 (2.95-6.96)	< 0.001	< 0.001
HOMA2-IR¹	0.57 (0.28-0.95)	1.27 (0.71-2.07)	1.8 (1.2-2.63)	< 0.001	< 0.001
HOMA2-B¹	20.6 (11.2-38.9)	26.7 (17.7-39.5)	51.5 (31.63-82.53)	< 0.001	< 0.001
TG in mmol/L¹	0.99 (0.71-1.48)	1.44 (0.98-2.23)	1.53 (1.11-2.13)	< 0.001	< 0.001
TC in mmol/L	4.59 ± 1.12	4.95 ± 1.31	4.87 ± 1.17	0.001	< 0.001
HDL-C in mmol/L	1.19 ± 0.37	1.06 ± 0.31	1.11 ± 0.29	< 0.001	< 0.001
LDL-C in mmol/L	2.90 ± 0.93	3.13 ± 0.99	3.14 ± 0.95	0.004	< 0.001
ALT¹	21 (13.25-31.75)	26 (17-40.25)	25 (16-42)	< 0.001	< 0.001
r-GT¹	17 (13-25)	29 (20-48)	32 (21-54.5)	< 0.001	< 0.001
SUA¹	255 (202-323.25)	303 (243-374)	312 (256-373)	< 0.001	< 0.001
CRP in mg/L¹	0.71 (0.25-2.26)	1.43 (0.6-3.78)	1.37 (0.65-3.33)	< 0.001	< 0.001

¹Non-normal distribution of continuous variables.

²P value: The P values were adjusted by age and sex for the trend. 2-hour PCP: 2-hour postprandial C-peptide.

Data are n (%), mean ± standard deviation, medians with interquartile range or percentages. 2-hour PPG: 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; APAs: Anti-platelet agents; BMI: Body mass index; CRP: C-reactive protein; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; DR: Diabetic retinopathy; FCP: Fasting C-peptide; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA2-B: Homeostasis model assessment for beta cell function; HOMA2-IR: Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; LDL-C: Lower-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LLDs: Lipid-lowering drugs; r-GT: r-glutamyltransferase; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; SUA: Serum uric acid; T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Total triglycerides; WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio.

Table 2 Results of binary logistic regression analysis of risk factors for chronic kidney disease in diabetes

Group	Variables	B statistic	OR	95%CI	P value
T1DM	SBP	0.115	1.122	1.023-1.230	0.015
Ketosis-onset diabetes	Age	0.022	1.022	1.000-1.045	0.054
	DR	1.079	2.943	1.171-7.397	0.022
	BMI	0.103	1.109	1.004-1.224	0.041
	SUA	0.338	1.402	1.017-1.933	0.039
	CRP	0.459	1.582	1.061-2.360	0.025
Non-ketotic T2DM	Age	0.019	1.019	1.000-1.038	0.048
	DBP	0.027	1.028	1.001-1.055	0.045
	TC	0.210	1.233	1.031-1.474	0.022
	SUA	0.507	1.660	1.289-2.138	< 0.001
	CRP	0.408	1.504	1.129-2.002	0.005

Binary logistic regression analyses were performed with the presence of chronic kidney disease as the dependent variable and with risk factors including age, sex, smoking, hypertension, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose, fasting C-peptide, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, and diabetic as independent variables. The table only includes variables significantly associated with chronic kidney disease. BMI: Body mass index; CI: Confidence interval; CRP: C-reactive protein; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; DR: Diabetic retinopathy; OR: Odds ratio; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; SUA: Serum uric acid; T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; TC: Total cholesterol.

Citation: Li MH, Xu MR, Wang YJ, Shen L, Chen MY, Li LX. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of chronic kidney disease among patients with newly diagnosed ketosis-onset diabetes. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(3): 100059
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i3/100059.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v16.i3.100059