Efficacy of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on proteinuria and weight in a diabetes cohort

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist group and control group, n (%)

Variables	GLP-1RA group (n = 139)	Control group (n = 278)	P value
Age (years)	52.52 ± 12.65	51.96 ± 13.20	0.872
Sex (male/female, male %)	77/62, 55.40	166/112, 59.71	0.431
Duration of diabetes (years)	10.25 ± 9.15	9.70 ± 8.51	0.726
FBG (mmol/L)	7.81 ± 2.18	7.72 ± 1.97	0.993
2hPBG (mmol/L)	8.55 ± 2.50	8.56 ± 2.21	0.914
HbA1c (%)	6.91 ± 1.20	6.88 ± 1.21	0.956
UACR (mg/g)	170.16 ± 560.78	116.68 ± 408.78	0.053
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)	85.51 ± 23.60	85.91 ± 22.91	0.937
Body weight (kg)	79.66 ± 13.77	71.18 ± 13.83	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	28.11 ± 4.17	25.08 ± 3.65	< 0.001
UACR grades
< 30 mg/g	53 (66.25)	94 (79.66)	0.072
30-300 mg/g	8 (10.00)	10 (8.47)
> 300 mg/g	19 (23.75)	14 (11.86)
BMI grades
18-24 kg/m2	0 (0.00)	6 (3.02)	< 0.001
24-28 kg/m2	20 (14.39)	69 (34.67)
28-35 kg/m2	55 (39.57)	85 (42.71)
> 35 kg/m2	64 (46.04)	39 (19.60)

FBG: Fasting blood glucose; PBG: Prandial blood glucose; HbA_1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; UACR: Urinary albumin-creatinine ratio; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; BMI: Body mass index; GLP-1Ras: Glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists.

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor group and control group, n (%)

Variables	SGLT2i group (n = 387)	Control group (n = 774)	P value
Age (years)	56.26 ± 11.56	56.07 ± 12.47	0.992
Sex (male/female, male %)	256/131, 66.15	511/263, 66.02	0.987
Duration of diabetes (years)	9.20 ± 7.82	9.06 ± 8.29	0.334
FBG (mmol/L)	7.92 ± 1.97	7.88 ± 1.88	0.675
2hPBG (mmol/L)	8.94 ± 2.39	8.75 ± 2.52	0.367
HbA1c (%)	6.85 ± 0.98	6.66 ± 1.02	< 0.001
UACR (mg/g)	96.82 ± 299.39	50.54 ± 257.55	< 0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)	85.79 ± 19.33	85.46 ± 19.48	0.534
Body weight (kg)	73.38 ± 12.88	71.16 ± 12.43	0.017
BMI (kg/m2)	25.68 ± 3.47	25.08 ± 3.48	0.007
UACR grades
< 30 mg/g	156 (65.82)	269 (83.80)	0.009
30-300 mg/g	19 (8.02)	9 (2.80)
> 300 mg/g	62 (26.16)	43 (13.40)
BMI grades
18-24 kg/m2	4 (1.04)	6 (1.13)	0.143
24-28 kg/m2	115 (29.79)	194 (36.47)
28-35 kg/m2	183 (47.41)	239 (44.92)
> 35 kg/m2	84 (21.76)	93 (17.48)

FBG: Fasting blood glucose; PBG: Prandial blood glucose; HbA_1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; UACR: Urinary albumin-creatinine ratio; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; BMI: Body mass index; SGLT2i: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor.

Table 3 Glucose, renal function and body weight changes after 6 months of treatment in the glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist and control groups, n (%)

Variables	GLP-1RA group (n = 139)	Control group (n = 278)	P value
FBG (mmol/L)	7.91 ± 1.68	8.03 ± 2.10	0.924
Variation of FBG (mmol/L)	0.12 (-1.00, 0.97)	0.10 (-0.66, 0.58)	0.857
2hPBG (mmol/L)	9.13 ± 1.92	8.75 ± 2.29	0.274
Variation of 2hPBG (mmol/L)	0.81 (-0.65, 1.58)	-0.25 (-1.00, 0.85)	0.053
HbA1c (%)	6.73 ± 1.09	7.03 ± 1.78	0.367
Variation of HbA1c (%)	-0.09 ± 0.76	0.18 ± 1.63	0.120
UACR (mg/g)	73.60 ± 217.18	143.57 ± 513.87	0.331
Variation of UACR (mg/g)	-2.20 ± 54.36	30.16 ± 277.64	0.812
Logarithm of the variation of UACR	-0.08 ± 0.84	0.18 ± 0.94	0.416
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)	83.63 ± 23.84	86.41 ± 22.56	0.659
Variation of eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)	-0.77 ± 10.50	0.00 ± 11.76	0.637
Body weight (kg)	77.94 ± 12.64	71.28 ± 13.80	< 0.001
Variation of body weight (kg)	-0.90 ± 3.30	0.27 ± 3.55	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	27.64 ± 4.06	25.02 ± 3.70	< 0.001
Variation of BMI (kg/m2)	-0.33 ± 1.17	0.08 ± 1.26	0.001
UACR grades
< 30 mg/g	47 (72.31)	82 (78.85)	0.273
30-300 mg/g	4 (6.15)	10 (9.62)
> 300 mg/g	14 (21.54)	12 (11.54)
Renal composite outcome	0 (0.00)	2 (0.72)	0.637
BMI grades
18-24 kg/m2	0 (0.00)	4 (2.19)	< 0.001
24-28 kg/m2	16 (14.29)	67 (36.61)
28-35 kg/m2	52 (46.43)	73 (39.89)
> 35 kg/m2	44 (39.29)	39 (21.31)

FBG: Fasting blood glucose; PBG: Prandial blood glucose; HbA_1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; UACR: Urinary albumin-creatinine ratio; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; BMI: Body mass index; GLP-1RA: Glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist.

Table 4 Glucose, renal function and body weight variation after 6 months of treatment in the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor and control groups, n (%)

Variables	SGLT2i group (n = 387)	Control group (n = 774)	P value
FBG (mmol/L)	7.83 ± 1.62	7.94 ± 1.90	0.769
Variation of FBG (mmol/L)	-0.13 (-0.75, 0.56)	-0.02 (-0.73, 0.64)	0.642
2hPBG (mmol/L)	8.83 ± 2.07	8.87 ± 2.21	0.951
Variation of 2hPBG (mmol/L)	0.17 (-0.90, 0.92)	-0.01 (-1.00, 0.83)	0.623
HbA1c (%)	6.86 ± 1.00	6.72 ± 1.06	0.004
Variation of HbA1c (%)	-0.00 ± 0.81	0.07 ± 0.67	0.219
UACR (mg/g)	89.18 ± 285.30	84.57 ± 423.05	0.001
Variation of UACR (mg/g)	-20.61 ± 283.92	12.01 ± 156.68	0.327
Logarithm of the variation of UACR	-0.02 ± 0.71	0.01 ± 0.91	0.482
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)	86.22 ± 19.04	84.60 ± 18.91	0.297
Variation of eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)	-1.01 ± 10.44	0.25 ± 10.74	0.068
Body weight (kg)	72.23 ± 12.31	71.35 ± 12.64	0.479
Variation of body weight (kg)	-0.59 ± 3.83	-0.03 ± 4.07	0.010
BMI (kg/m2)	25.31 ± 3.35	25.15 ± 3.46	0.461
Variation of BMI (kg/m2)	-0.21 ± 1.40	-0.03 ± 1.55	0.013
UACR grades
< 30 mg/g	135 (69.59)	240 (81.63)	0.009
30-300 mg/g	13 (6.70)	12 (4.08)
> 300 mg/g	46 (23.71)	42 (14.29)
Renal composite outcome	4 (1.03)	2 (0.26)	0.169
BMI grades
18-24 kg/m2	4 (1.26)	5 (1.04)	0.682
24-28 kg/m2	105 (33.02)	173 (36.12)
28-35 kg/m2	154 (48.43)	211 (44.05)
> 35 kg/m2	55 (17.30)	90 (18.79)

FBG: Fasting blood glucose; PBG: Prandial blood glucose; HbA_1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; UACR: Urinary albumin-creatinine ratio; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; BMI: Body mass index; SGLT2i: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor.