Pharmacological management of major complications following left ventricular assist device implantation in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Focus on thrombosis, hemorrhage, and impact of diabetes & pharmacological interventions

Variable	Thrombosis	Hemorrhage	Participants (n)	Time (year)	Design	Ref.
Centrifugal-flow LVAD	0.010	0.430	515	5	Prospective and observational study	Mehra et al[10], 2022
Axial-flow LVAD	0.108	0.765	505	5
Diabetes	0.223	0.101	129 with T2DM	7	Retrospective cohort study	Vest et al[12], 2016
Non-diabetes	0.234	0.053	171	7
Diabetes			131 with T2DM	9	Retrospective cohort study	Asleh et al[16], 2017
HbA1c ≥ 7.0%	0.183		60 with T2DM	9
HbA1c < 7.0%	0.183		71 with T2DM	9
Non-diabetes	0.171		210	9
Only use warfarin	0	0.225	296	1	RCT	Mehra et al[20], 2023
Combination aspirin	0	0.282	293	1
Use PDE-5i1	0.358		4950	4	Prospective cohort study	Xanthopoulos et al[21], 2020
No PDE-5i	0.381		8822	4
Use SGLT-2 inhibitors	Total 0188		16 patients with T2DM	0.5	Retrospective cohort study	Chavali et al[26], 2023
No SGLT-2 inhibitors	Total 0267		15 patients with T2DM	0.5
Apixaban	0.034	0.042	119	1	RCT or observational study	Tripoli et al[47], 2025
Warfarin	0.111	0.186	90	1

¹Compared to not using phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding increases by 14% with the same rate of cerebral hemorrhage.

LVAD: Left ventricular assist device; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; PDE-5i: Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors.