Effects of tailored exercise on glycemic and nutritional outcomes in diabetic patients with colorectal cancer and on chemotherapy

Table 1 Comparison of demographic characteristics between two groups, mean ± SD/n (%)

Index	SC group (n = 111)	IET group (n = 134)	t/χ²	P value
Age (years)	58.44 ± 7.65	57.96 ± 8.17	0.478	0.633
BMI (kg/m²)	24.37 ± 4.11	24.42 ± 4.12	0.09	0.928
Female/male	31 (27.93)/80 (72.07)	39 (29.1)/95 (70.9)	0.041	0.839
Smoking status	22 (19.82)	21 (15.67)	0.722	0.396
Drinking status	12 (10.81)	11 (8.21)	0.483	0.487
Physical activity (hours/week)	4.69 ± 2.22	4.69 ± 1.93	0.024	0.981
Education level (high school and below/bachelor degree and above)	94 (84.68)/17 (15.32)	117 (87.31)/17 (12.69)	0.351	0.554
Occupation status (working/not working)	46 (41.44)/65 (58.56)	51 (38.06)/83 (61.94)	0.29	0.59
Difficulty paying for basics (hard/ not hard)	75 (67.57)/36 (32.43)	88 (65.67)/46 (34.33)	0.098	0.754
Marital status (single/married/divorced)	28 (25.23)/59 (53.15)/24 (21.62)	37 (27.61)/75 (55.97)/22 (16.42)	1.094	0.579
Monthly average income (< 3000/3000-6000/> 6000)	23 (20.72)/56 (50.45)/32 (28.83)	23 (17.16)/57 (42.54)/54 (40.3)	3.508	0.173
Hypertension	31 (27.93)	32 (23.88)	0.521	0.471
Anemia	18 (16.22)	15 (11.19)	1.314	0.252

BMI: Body mass index; IET: Individualized exercise training; SC: Standard care.

Table 2 Comparison of baseline diabetes features between two groups, mean ± SD/n (%)

Index	SC group (n = 111)	IET group (n = 134)	t/χ²	P value
Duration of diabetes (years)	9.01 ± 2.29	8.84 ± 2.39	0.552	0.581
Family history of diabetes	29 (26.13)	31 (23.13)	0.294	0.588
Use of SBGM	59 (53.15)	59 (44.03)	2.024	0.155
Only insulin injection	78 (70.27)	88 (65.67)	0.588	0.443
Oral medicine plus insulin injection	25 (22.52)	40 (29.85)	1.673	0.196
The average daily dose of insulin injection (units)	42.47 ± 13.89	41.47 ± 12.97	0.585	0.559
Staple food control (≤ 400 g/day/> 400 g/day)	76 (68.47)/35 (31.53)	93 (69.4)/41 (30.6)	0.025	0.875
Dorsalis pedis artery pulsation	93 (83.78)	120 (89.55)	1.779	0.182

IET: Individualized exercise training; SC: Standard care; SBMG: Self-blood glucose monitoring.

Table 3 Comparison of baseline colorectal cancer characteristics between two groups, n (%)

Parameters	SC group (n = 111)	IET group (n = 134)	t/χ²	P value
Tumor site			0.2	0.654
Segmented colon	69 (62.16)	87 (64.93)
Rectum	42 (37.84)	47 (35.07)
Tumor size at diagnosis			1.108	0.575
< 4 cm	41 (36.94)	41 (30.6)
4-6 cm	36 (32.43)	47 (35.07)
> 6 cm	34 (30.63)	46 (34.33)
TNM staging			0.313	0.855
Stage I	25 (22.52)	31 (23.13)
Stage II	45 (40.54)	58 (43.28)
Stage III	41 (36.94)	45 (33.58)
Disease duration			1.222	0.543
< 3 months	36 (32.43)	47 (35.07)
3-6 months	38 (34.23)	51 (38.06)
> 6 months	37 (33.33)	36 (26.87)
Surgical method			0.17	0.68
Palliative surgery	76 (68.47)	95 (70.9)
Radical surgery	35 (31.53)	39 (29.1)
ECOG			0.158	0.924
Grade 0	21 (18.92)	26 (19.4)
Grade 1	22 (19.82)	29 (21.64)
Grade 2	68 (61.26)	79 (58.96)

IET: Individualized exercise training; SC: Standard care; TNM: Tumor node metastasis classification; ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.

Table 4 Comparison of blood glucose between two groups of patients, mean ± SD

Index	SC group (n = 111)	IET group (n = 134)	t	P value
FPG before nursing (mmol/L)	10.12 ± 1.28	10.08 ± 1.48	0.259	0.796
FPG after nursing (mmol/L)	7.55 ± 1.88	6.98 ± 1.21	2.732	0.007
2-hour PG before nursing (mmol/L)	12.83 ± 1.57	12.47 ± 1.58	1.755	0.08
2-hour PG after nursing (mmol/L)	9.92 ± 2.87	8.85 ± 2.55	3.096	0.002
HbA1c before nursing (%)	8.87 ± 1.41	8.57 ± 1.76	1.506	0.133
HbA1c after nursing (%)	7.49 ± 2.64	6.51 ± 2.41	3.036	0.003

IET: Individualized exercise training; SC: Standard care; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; PG: Postprandial blood glucose; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c.

Table 5 Comparison of blood glucose variability between two groups, mean ± SD

Parameters	SC group (n = 111)	IET group (n = 134)	t	P value
ASVFBG	0.51 ± 0.21	0.44 ± 0.17	2.881	0.004
SDFBG	0.54 ± 0.33	0.43 ± 0.23	3.085	0.002
CVFBG	8.64 ± 2.47	7.93 ± 1.29	2.728	0.007

IET: Individualized exercise training; SC: Standard care; ASV_FBG: Average successive variability of fasting blood glucose; SD_FBG: Standard deviation of fasting blood glucose; CV_FBG: Coefficient of variation of fasting blood glucose.

Table 6 Comparison of adverse events between two groups, n (%)

Parameters	SC group (n = 111)	IET group (n = 134)	t	P value
Falls	0 (0.00)	1 (0.75)	None	1
Hypoglycemia	1 (0.90)	3 (2.24)	0.1	0.752
Excessive fatigue	0 (0.00)	1 (0.75)	None	1
Musculoskeletal pain	1 (0.90)	2 (1.49)	0	1

IET: Individualized exercise training; SC: Standard care.