Risk factors for urosepsis in diabetic patients with renal and ureteral calculi: A retrospective study

Table 1 Comparison of clinical characteristics between the observation group and control group, n (%)

Clinical characteristics	Observation group (n = 32)	Control group (n = 266)	χ2/t value	P value
Age (years, mean ± SD)	60.5 ± 11.1	56.0 ± 10.7	2.239	0.026
Sex			5.41	0.02
Male	10 (31.3)	141 (53.0)
Female	22 (68.8)	125 (47.0)
HbA1c (%)	7.1 ± 2.1	6.9 ± 1.8	0.583	0.560
Fever			17.59	< 0.001
No	8 (25.0)	169 (63.5)
Yes	24 (75.0)	97 (36.5)
Flank/abdominal pain			9.484	0.002
No	14 (43.8)	188 (70.7)
Yes	18 (56.3)	78 (29.3)
Gross hematuria			0.08	0.778
No	19 (59.4)	151 (56.8)
Yes	13 (40.6)	115 (43.2)
Urinary irritation			12.16	< 0.001
No	8 (25.0)	153 (57.5)
Yes	24 (75.0)	113 (42.5)
History of hypertension			1.204	0.272
No	20 (62.5)	139 (52.3)
Yes	12 (37.5)	127 (47.7)
Urine nitrite			8.303	0.004
(-)	13 (40.6)	177 (66.5)
(+)	19 (59.4)	89 (33.5)
Stone laterality			0.001	0.99
Right	15 (46.9)	125 (47.0)
Left	17 (53.1)	141 (53.0)
Obstruction site			0.287	0.592
Kidney	6 (18.8)	61 (22.9)
Ureter	26 (81.3)	205 (77.1)
Hydronephrosis			8.802	0.032
None	2 (6.3)	47 (17.7)
Mild	14 (43.8)	80 (30.1)
Moderate	13 (40.6)	101 (38.0)
Severe	3 (9.4)	38 (14.3)
Urine leukocytes			27.249	< 0.001
(-)	0 (0.0)	80 (30.1)
(+)	8 (25.0)	58 (21.8)
(++)	11 (34.4)	65 (24.4)
(+++)	13 (40.6)	63 (23.7)
Urine glucose			9.223	0.002
(-)	3 (9.4)	76 (28.6)
(+)	4 (12.5)	54 (20.3)
(++)	21 (65.6)	108 (40.6)
(+++)	4 (12.5)	28 (10.5)

HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c.

Table 2 Univariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with urosepsis in patients with renal and ureteral calculi and diabetes mellitus

Variable	β	SE	Wald	OR	95%CI	P value
Gender (female vs male)	0.985	0.28	12.394	2.679	1.564-4.590	< 0.001
Age	0.041	0.014	9.732	1.042	1.015-1.070	0.002
Fever (yes vs no)	1.575	0.29	29.543	4.832	2.742-8.515	< 0.001
Flank/abdominal pain (yes vs no)	-0.781	0.271	8.314	0.459	0.269-0.785	0.004
Gross hematuria (yes vs no)	0.012	0.27	0.002	1.012	0.608-1.686	0.964
Urinary irritation (yes vs no)	0.92	0.31	8.846	2.51	1.383-4.559	0.003
History of hypertension (yes vs no)	-0.29	0.27	1.151	0.748	0.441-1.265	0.283
History of stone treatment (yes vs no)	-0.24	0.363	0.438	0.787	0.385-1.593	0.508
Stone laterality (left vs right)	0.24	0.27	0.79	1.271	0.760-2.128	0.374
Obstruction site (ureter vs kidney)	0.17	0.33	0.264	1.185	0.628-2.238	0.608
Maximum stone diameter	0.006	0.014	0.171	1.006	0.978-1.036	0.68
Urine nitrite (+) vs (-)	1.002	0.27	13.784	2.724	1.610-4.607	< 0.001
Urine glucose
(1+) vs (-)	0.77	0.54	2.035	2.16	0.745-6.265	0.154
(2+) vs (-)	1.788	0.43	17.276	5.978	2.588-13.673	< 0.001
(3+) vs (-)	1.612	0.53	9.224	5.014	1.768-14.120	0.002
Hydronephrosis severity
Mild vs none	0.965	0.428	5.081	2.625	1.155-6.012	0.024
Moderate vs none	0.44	0.43	1.047	1.553	0.675-3.563	0.306
Severe vs none	1.37	0.64	4.599	3.254	2.071-6.880	< 0.001
Urine leukocytes
(1+) vs (-)	3.095	1.06	8.517	22.083	2.765-174.005	0.004
(2+) vs (-)	3.612	1.05	11.837	37.172	4.782-289.111	0.001
(3+) vs (-)	4.328	1.04	17.314	75.855	9.987-575.358	< 0.001

Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with urosepsis in patients with renal and ureteral calculi and diabetes mellitus

Variable	β	SE	Wald	OR	95%CI	P value
Sex (female vs male)	0.805	0.37	4.736	2.237	1.086-4.605	0.03
Age	0.049	0.015	9.202	1.05	1.018-1.084	0.002
Urinary irritation (yes vs no)	0.24	0.46	0.272	1.271	0.527-3.075	0.603
Flank/abdominal pain (yes vs no)	-0.67	0.38	3.101	0.511	0.245-1.067	0.078
Fever (yes vs no)	1.098	0.45	5.967	2.999	1.283-7.015	0.015
Urine nitrite (+) vs (-)	0.06	0.435	0.019	1.062	0.460-2.448	0.891
Hydronephrosis severity
Mild vs none	0.72	0.58	1.542	2.054	0.672-6.282	0.215
Moderate vs none	0.19	0.58	0.107	1.209	0.388-3.763	0.743
Severe vs none	2.045	0.8	6.533	6.129	3.027-9.623	0.011
Urine leukocytes
(1+) vs (-)	3.155	1.14	7.683	23.244	2.612-206.818	0.006
(2+) vs (-)	3.4	1.13	9.056	30.008	3.312-268.523	0.003
(3+) vs (-)	4.19	1.14	13.548	66	7.031-580.125	< 0.001
Urine glucose
(1+) vs (-)	0.85	0.68	1.564	2.34	0.618-8.855	0.211
(2+) vs (-)	1.53	0.53	8.329	4.617	1.662-12.741	0.004
(3+) vs (-)	1.98	0.7	8.021	7.248	1.862-28.211	0.005