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Publication Name
World Journal of Diabetes
ISSN
1948-9358
Publisher of This Article
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Basic Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Diabetes. Jan 15, 2025; 16(1): 99745
Published online Jan 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i1.99745
Table 1 Compound list
Compound
CAS
Deoxyshikonin43043-74-9
Shikonin517-89-5
Lithospermoside63492-69-3
β,β-Dimethylacrylshikonin24502-79-2
β,β-Dimethylacrylalkannin34539-65-6
Lithospermic acid28831-65-4
β-Acetoxyisovalerylshikonin69091-17-4
Isobutylshikonin52438-12-7
Acetylshikonin24502-78-1
Isobavachalcone20784-50-3
Bavachin19879-32-4
Isobavachin31524-62-6
Bavachinin19879-30-2
4'-O-Methylbavachalcone20784-60-5
Psoralen66-97-7
Corylin53947-92-5
Psoralidin18642-23-4
Astragalin480-10-4
Methoxsalen298-81-7
Bakuchiol10309-37-2
Angelicin523-50-2
Neobavaisoflavone41060-15-5
Cinnamaldehyde104-55-2
Cinnamic acid621-82-9
Cinnamon alcohol104-54-1
Cinnamyl acetate103-54-8
Trans-cinnamic acid140-10-3
p-Hydroxy-cinnamic acid7400-08-0
2-Methoxycinnamic acid6099-03-2
Methyl 4-hydroxycinnamate3943-97-3
3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid90-50-6
Full Size Table
Table 2 The minimum inhibitory concentrations of gromwell root compounds (μg/mL)
Compound
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Acinetobacter baumannii
Staphylococcus aureus
Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Helicobacter pylori
Shiconin> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 1282
Lithospermoside> 128> 128> 128> 12884> 128
β,β-Dimethylacrylshikonin> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 12832
β,β-Dimethylacrylalkannin> 128> 128> 128> 12832832
Lithospermic acid> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128
β-Acetoxyisovalerylshikonin> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 1288
Isobutylshikonin> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 1288
Acetylshikonin> 128> 128> 128> 128> 12884
Deoxyshikonin> 128> 128> 128> 128> 12882
Full Size Table
Table 3 The minimum inhibitory concentrations of psoralen compounds (μg/mL)
Compound
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Acinetobacter baumannii
Staphylococcus aureus
Cryptococcus neoformans
Candida albicans
Helicobacter pylori
Isobavachalcone> 128> 128> 1288188
Bavachin> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 1288
Bavachinin> 128> 128> 1281632> 12816
4'-O-Methylbavachalcone> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 1288
Neobavaisoflavone> 128> 128> 1286432> 12816
Isobavachin> 128> 128> 1281632> 128> 128
Bakuchiol> 128> 128> 1283216> 128> 128
Methoxsalen> 128> 128> 12864> 128> 128> 128
Angelicin> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128
Psoralen> 128> 128> 128128> 128> 128> 128
Corylin> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128
Psoralidin> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128
Astragalin> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128
Full Size Table
Table 4 The minimum inhibitory concentrations of cinnamon compounds (μg/mL)
Compound
Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Acinetobacter baumannii
Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Helicobacter pylori
Cinnamaldehyde64> 128> 128> 128128648
Cinnamic acid> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128128128
Cinnamon alcohol> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128128
Cinnamyl acetate> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128
Trans-cinnamic acid> 128> 128> 128> 12812864128
p-Hydroxy-cinnamic acid> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128128
2-Methoxycinnamic acid> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128128> 128
Methyl 4-hydroxycinnamate> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128128> 128
Ethyl 4-methoxycinnamate> 128> 128> 128> 128> 12812816
3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128> 128
Full Size Table
Table 5 Antibacterial spectrum of betaine (μg/mL)
Strain
MIC (μg/mL)
Bacillus subtilis4
Newman4
USA3008
Candida albicans16
Cryptococcus neoformans16
Candida tropicalis32
Escherichia coli> 1024
Staphylococcus haemolyticus> 1024
Pseudomonas aeruginosa> 1024
Proteus mirabilis> 1024
Acinetobacter baumannii> 1024
Klebsiella pneumoniae> 1024
Morganella morganii subsp. morganii> 1024
Enterobacter hormaechei> 1024
MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration.
Full Size Table
Table 6 The minimum inhibitory concentrations of betaine ointment (μg/mL)
Strain
MIC (μg/mL)
BO
Zicao
Newman16> 2048
USA30032> 2048
Candida albicans64> 2048
Cryptococcus neoformans64> 2048
Candida tropicalis64> 2048
Staphylococcus haemolyticus> 512> 2048
Pseudomonas aeruginosa> 512> 2048
Proteus mirabilis> 512> 2048
Acinetobacter baumannii> 512> 2048
Klebsiella pneumoniae> 512> 2048
MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration; BO: Betaine ointment.
Full Size Table
Table 7 Effect of betaine ointment on scab removal in skin wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus
Strain
Group
Number of mice shed scabs (pcs)
Day 10
Day 11
Day 12
Day 13
Day 14
Day 1
Total
Rate (%)
NewmanMupirocin02001155583.3a
Zicao000011233.3a
BO010020350.0a
USA300Mupirocin200200466.7b
Zicao00000000.0b
BO200102583.3b
aP < 0.0001.
bP < 0.0001.
BO: Betaine ointment.
Full Size Table
Table 8 Effects of betaine ointment on scab removal from skin wounds in diabetic mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus
Group
Number of mice shed scabs (pcs)
Day 10
Day 11
Day 12
Day 13
Day 14
Day 15
Total
Rate (%)
PBS00000000.0
Mupirocin112000480.0c
BO011110480.0c
cP < 0.05 vs phosphate buffer solution.
PBS: Phosphate buffer solution; BO: Betaine ointment.
Full Size Table
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