Developing and validating a predictive model of delivering large-for-gestational-age infants among women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Comparison of clinical data between the large-for-gestational-age group and the normal-for-gestational-age group in the training cohort (n = 4905), n (%)

Variables	GDM-NGA group (n = 3906)	GDM-LGA group (n = 999)	P value
Mothers
Age (yr)	29.87 ± 3.53	30.13 ± 3.73a	0.041
Prepregnancy height (m)	1.62 ± 0.05	1.63 ± 0.05b	< 0.001
Prepregnancy weight (kg)	57.94 ± 8.68	62.52 ± 10.07b	< 0.001
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2)	22.07 ± 3.03	23.41 ± 3.50b	< 0.001
Number of pregnancies
1	2001 (51.23)	414 (41.44)b	< 0.001
2	1158 (29.65)	306 (30.63)
≥ 3	747 (19.12)	279 (27.93)
Parity
1	2862 (73.21)	606 (60.66)b	< 0.001
2	999 (25.58)	371 (37.14)
≥ 3	45 (1.15)	22 (2.20)
Clinical data at 24 gestational weeks
Weight (kg)	63.86 ± 8.80	69.53 ± 10.03b	< 0.001
WGW (kg)	5.92 ± 3.17	7.02 ± 3.65b	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	24.32 ± 3.04	26.04 ± 3.45b	< 0.001
Waist-height ratio	0.55 ± 0.04	0.57 ± 0.04b	< 0.001
SBP (mm/Hg)	112.11 ± 10.95	112.80 ± 11.34	0.080
DBP (mm/Hg)	69.75 ± 8.20	69.89 ± 8.34	0.632
AC (cm)	89.72 ± 5.93	93.02 ± 7.01b	< 0.001
Laboratory indices
Urea (mmol/L)	3.10 ± 0.70	3.02 ± 0.67a	0.001
Cr (μmol/L)	39.35 ± 6.63	38.36 ± 6.65b	< 0.001
UA (μmol/L)	234.18 ± 49.49	235.78 ± 50.02	0.364
TP (g/L)	65.99 ± 3.43	65.67 ± 3.40a	0.009
ALB (g/L)	39.36 ± 2.23	39.14 ± 2.25a	0.005
TC (mmol/L)	5.96 ± 0.98	5.89 ± 1.05	0.051
TG (mmol/L)	2.26 ± 0.91	2.51 ± 1.03b	< 0.001
FBG (mmol/L)	4.81 ± 0.47	4.97 ± 0.59b	< 0.001
ALT (U/L)	20.79 ± 17.60	17.62 ± 13.68b	< 0.001
AST (U/L)	19.17 ± 9.06	17.73 ± 6.73b	< 0.001
ALP (U/L)	56.82 ± 14.10	55.95 ± 13.20	0.079
LDH (U/L)	163.02 ± 25.84	164.92 ± 31.08a	0.048
GGT (U/L)	16.05 ± 9.91	16.19 ± 9.90	0.691
HDL-C (mmol/L)	2.35 ± 0.40	2.28 ± 0.37b	< 0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.01 ± 0.65	3.00 ± 0.65	0.758
TSH (mIU/L)	2.19 ± 1.09	2.16 ± 1.02	0.487
TPOAb (IU/mL)	22.74 ± 41.30	23.45 ± 46.52	0.638
FT4 (pmol/L)	12.60 ± 1.74	12.17 ± 1.74b	< 0.001
HbA1c	5.09 ± 0.28	5.19 ± 0.35b	< 0.001
TyG	9.00 ± 0.38	9.13 ± 0.40b	< 0.001
ALT/AST	1.01 ± 0.36	0.94 ± 0.34b	< 0.001
TG/HDL-C	0.99 ± 0.53	1.10 ± 0.58b	< 0.001
Information about pregnancy
Cesarean section	1508 (38.61)	591 (59.16)b	< 0.001
Birth week (weeks)	39.09 ± 0.97	38.96 ± 0.96b	< 0.001
Infant weight (kg)	3.32 ± 0.28	3.97 ± 0.28b	< 0.001
Infant sex
Boy	2019 (51.69)	505 (50.55)	0.523
Girl	1887 (48.31)	494 (49.45)

^aP < 0.05 vs the gestational diabetes mellitus-normal-for-gestational-age group.

^bP < 0.001 vs the gestational diabetes mellitus-normal-for-gestational-age group.

GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; LGA: Large-for-gestational-age; NGA: Normal-for-gestational-age; BMI: Body mass index; WGW: Weight gain during pregnancy measured at the 24^th week; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; AC: Abdominal circumference; Cr: Creatinine; UA: Uric acid; TP: Total protein; ALB: Albumin; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; FBG: Fasting plasma glucose; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; GGT: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone; TPOAb: Thyroid peroxidase antibody; FT4: Free tetraiodothyronine; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; TyG: Triglyceride-glucose index.