Examining the association between delay discounting, delay aversion and physical activity in Chinese adults with type-2 diabetes mellitus

doi:10.4239/wjd.v15.i4.675

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Apr 15, 2024 (publication date) through Jan 9, 2025

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World Journal of Diabetes

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Observational Study

World J Diabetes. Apr 15, 2024; 15(4): 675-685
Published online Apr 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i4.675

Table 1 Characteristics of the 400 participants

Sample characteristic	Mean (SD) or M (Q1, Q3) or n (%)
Age, yr	57.5 ± 10.9
Duration of diabetes, yr	6.5 (2.5, 12.0)
Sex
Male	266 (66.5)
Female	134 (33.5)
Type of medical insurance
UEBMI	195 (48.8)
URBMI	76 (19.0)
NRCMI	129 (32.2)
Ethnicity
Han	178 (44.5)
Hui	128 (32.0)
Other	94 (23.5)
Marital status
Married	367 (91.8)
Unmarried	33 (8.2)
Level of education
No formal school	91 (22.8)
Primary school	64 (16.0)
Junior high school	72 (18.0)
Senior high school	75 (18.7)
College and above	98 (24.5)
Annual household income, yuan per year (1 yuan approximately equal to 0.155 USD)
< 35000	122 (30.5)
35000-75000	113 (28.2)
> 75000	122 (30.5)
Unknown	43 (10.8)

UEBMI: Urban employee-based basic medical insurance; URBMI: Urban resident-based basic medical insurance; NRCMI: New rural cooperative medical insurance.

Table 2 The multiple linear regression analysis results regarding delay discounting, glycated hemoglobin, and different intensity levels of physical activity (Met-hour/week)

Sample characteristic	HbA1c β (95%CI)	Walking activity β (95%CI)	Moderate physical activity β (95%CI)	Vigorous physical activity β (95%CI)
Delay discounting	0.024 (-0.053, 0.101)	0.072 (-1.192, 1.336)	-2.386 (-4.370, -0.401)^a	0.065 (-1.179, 1.308)
Age, yr	-0.024 (-0.047, -0.002)^a	-0.086 (-0.452, 0.280)	-0.905 (-1.480, -0.330)^b	-0.497 (-0.858, -0.137)^b
Duration of diabetes, yr	-0.004 (-0.035, 0.027)	-0.038 (-0.550, 0.474)	0.489 (-0.315, 1.293)	-0.135 (-0.639, 0.368)
Sex
Male	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Female	-0.133 (-0.609, 0.343)	0.294 (-7.515, 8.104)	3.925 (-8.341, 16.190)	-6.832 (-14.518, 0.854)
Medical insurance type
UEBMI	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
URBMI	0.269 (-0.474, 1.012)	-7.565 (-19.758, 4.627)	15.345 (-3.804, 34.494)	8.971 (-3.029, 20.971)
NRCMI	0.863 (0.140, 1.586)^a	2.476 (-9.388, 14.340)	20.642 (2.009, 39.275)^a	11.453 (-0.223, 23.130)
Ethnicity
Han	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Hui	-0.247 (-0.752, 0.259)	3.682 (-4.607, 11.972)	0.009 (-13.010, 13.028)	-0.231 (-8.389, 7.927)
Other	-0.452 (-1.012, 0.109)	-4.745 (-13.941, 4.451)	-1.869 (-16.311, 12.574)	7.126 (-1.924, 16.177)
Marital status
Married	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Unmarried	0.398 (-0.387, 1.182)	-4.171 (-17.038, 8.696)	15.021 (-5.188, 35.229)	-3.814 (-16.477, 8.850)
Level of education	-0.084 (-0.300, 0.133)	3.754 (0.209, 7.300)^a	4.67 (-0.899, 10.239)	2.482 (-1.008, 5.971)
Annual household income, yuan per year
< 35000	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
35000-75000	-0.26 (-0.837, 0.317)	-0.065 (-9.530, 9.400)	15.149 (0.283, 30.014)^a	0.647 (-8.668, 9.962)
> 75000	-0.259 (-0.899, 0.380)	-0.908 (-11.394, 9.579)	-7.146 (-23.616, 9.324)	-6.052 (-16.373, 4.269)
Unknown	0.226 (-0.512, 0.965)	-2.252 (-14.364, 9.860)	0.591 (-18.432, 19.613)	-8.053 (-19.973, 3.867)
Constant	10.685 (8.288, 13.081)	34.193 (-5.120, 73.507)	84.431 (22.688, 146.175)	38.294 (-0.397, 76.985)

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

β-Standardized regression coefficient. UEBMI: Urban employee-based basic medical insurance; URBMI: Urban resident-based basic medical insurance; NRCMI: New rural cooperative medical insurance.

Table 3 The multiple linear regression analysis results regarding delay aversion, HbA1C, and different intensity levels of physical activity (Met-hour/week).

Sample characteristic	HbA1c β (95%CI)	Walking activity β (95%CI)	Moderate physical activity β (95%CI)	Vigorous physical activity β (95%CI)
Delay aversion	-0.002 (-0.083, 0.078)	-0.724 (-2.037, 0.590)	-3.527 (-5.578, -1.476)^b	-0.334 (-1.629, 0.960)
Age, yr	-0.025 (-0.047, -0.003)^a	-0.098 (-0.462, 0.266)	-0.885 (-1.454, -0.317)^b	-0.504 (-0.863, -0.145)^b
Duration of diabetes, yr	-0.003 (-0.035, 0.028)	-0.037 (-0.548, 0.473)	0.451 (-0.347, 1.248)	-0.135 (-0.638, 0.369)
Sex
Male	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Female	-0.122 (-0.598, 0.354)	0.582 (-7.213, 8.377)	4.213 (-7.958, 16.383)	-6.686 (-14.367, 0.994)
Medical insurance type
UEBMI	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
URBMI	0.264 (-0.479, 1.008)	-7.588 (-19.760, 4.584)	15.757 (-3.247, 34.762)	8.954 (-3.039, 20.948)
NRCMI	0.849 (0.126, 1.573)^a	2.121 (-9.720, 13.962)	20.374 (1.886, 38.861)^a	11.273 (-0.395, 22.940)
Ethnicity
Han	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Hui	-0.259 (-0.763, 0.245)	3.528 (-4.728, 11.784)	0.622 (-12.268, 13.512)	-0.318 (-8.453, 7.817)
Other	-0.458 (-1.019, 0.103)	-4.872 (-14.050, 4.307)	-1.8 (-16.131, 12.531)	7.06 (-1.985, 16.104)
Marital status
Married	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Unmarried	0.389 (-0.396, 1.174)	-4.433 (-17.281, 8.416)	14.621 (-5.439, 34.682)	-3.944 (-16.605, 8.716)
Level of education	-0.088 (-0.305, 0.128)	3.639 (0.102, 7.176)^a	4.625 (-0.898, 10.148)	2.422 (-1.063, 5.908)
Annual household income, yuan per year
< 35000	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
35000-75000	-0.251 (-0.827, 0.326)	0.036 (-9.403, 9.475)	14.569 (-0.168, 29.306)	0.706 (-8.595, 10.006)
> 75000	-0.237 (-0.875, 0.402)	-0.291 (-10.751, 10.169)	-6.559 (-22.890, 9.772)	-5.74 (-16.046, 4.567)
Unknown	0.24 (-0.500, 0.979)	-1.77 (-13.875, 10.334)	1.584 (-17.315, 20.483)	-7.815 (-19.743, 4.112)
Constant	11.114 (8.726, 13.503)	46.666 (7.557, 85.776)	100.185 (39.122, 161.247)	44.574 (6.038, 83.110)

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

β-Standardized regression coefficient. UEBMI: Urban employee-based basic medical insurance; URBMI: Urban resident-based basic medical insurance; NRCMI: New rural cooperative medical insurance.

Citation: An YD, Ma GX, Cai XK, Yang Y, Wang F, Zhang ZL. Examining the association between delay discounting, delay aversion and physical activity in Chinese adults with type-2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2024; 15(4): 675-685
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v15/i4/675.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v15.i4.675