Shi H, Yuan Y, Li X, Li YF, Fan L, Yang XM. Analysis of the influencing factors and clinical related characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2024; 15(2): 196-208 [PMID: 38464376 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i2.196]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Yuan Yuan, MM, Associate Chief Physician, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, No. 278 Middle Section of Baoguang Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan Province, China. cyfygrk2270@163.com
Research Domain of This Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Article-Type of This Article
Case Control Study
Open-Access Policy of This Article
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World J Diabetes. Feb 15, 2024; 15(2): 196-208 Published online Feb 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i2.196
Table 1 General demographic characteristics of the observed and control groups, n (%)
Characteristics
Observation group (n = 105)
Control group (n = 210)
χ2/t
P value
Age (yr)
55.3 ± 11.5
55.7 ± 11.4
-0.254
0.800
Gender
0.009
0.926
Male
80 (76.2)
159 (75.7)
Female
35 (23.4)
51 (24.3)
marital status
7.307
0.007
Unwed/divorced/widowed
14 (13.3)
27 (12.9)
Married
91 (86.7)
183 (87.1)
Educational level
0.335
0.163
Illiteracy
13 (12.4)
32 (15.2)
Primary school
18 (17.1)
32 (15.2)
Middle school
62 (59.1)
126 (60.0)
College degree or above
12 (11.4)
20 (9.5)
Occupation
6.491
0.261
Housework and unemployed
34 (32.4)
65 (30.9)
Peasant
22 (21.0)
65 (30.9)
Office worker
13 (12.4)
27 (12.9)
Self-employed worker
12 (11.4)
23 (11.0)
Worker
14 (13.3)
21 (10.0)
Other
10 (9.5)
9 (4.3)
Worker's insurance
2.293
0.130
Yes
45 (42.9)
109 (51.9)
No
60 (57.1)
101 (48.1)
Table 2 Comparison between the observed and control groups in diabetes-related characteristics, n (%)
Characteristics
Observation group (n = 105)
Control group (n = 210)
χ2/t
P value
Disease course (yr)
6.8 ± 5.7
7.4 ± 5.6
-0.863
0.389
Family history of diabetes
1.585
0.208
Yes
31 (29.5)
77 (36.7)
No
74 (71.5)
133 (63.3)
History of hypertension
4.123
0.042
Yes
34 (32.4)
93 (44.3)
No
71 (67.6)
117 (55.7)
Poor glycemic control
12.281
< 0.001
Yes
74 (77.9)
100 (56.5)
No
31 (22.1)
110 (43.5)
Regular blood glucose monitoring
0.135
0.713
Yes
25 (23.8)
54 (25.7)
No
80 (76.2)
156 (74.3)
Diabetes treatment modality
10.285
0.016
Unregular treatment
24 (22.9)
36 (17.1)
Oral hypoglycaemic agent
48 (45.7)
92 (43.8)
Insulin
22 (20.9)
30 (14.3)
Oral antidiabetic drugs + insulin
11 (10.5)
52 (24.8)
Diet control attitude
7.141
0.028
Think it's very important
29 (27.6)
53 (25.3)
Think it is generally important
30 (28.6)
91 (43.3)
Think it's not important
46 (43.8)
66 (31.4)
Table 3 Test results of observation and control groups
Items
Observation group (n = 105)
Control group (n = 210)
χ2/t
P value
Height (cm)
169.52 ± 8.81
168.68 ± 7.54
0.881
0.379
Weight (kg)
66.53 ± 13.62
71.75 ± 12.08
-3.249
0.001
Body mass index (kg/m2)
23.00 ± 3.30
25.18 ± 3.40
-5.377
< 0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
129.00 ± 20.00
134.00 ± 24.00
-2.544
0.011
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
80.00 ± 10.50
83.00 ± 14.00
-2.504
0.012
Hemoglobin A1c (%)
8.85 ± 2.15
8.90 ± 2.80
-0.873
0.382
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)
10.54 ± 3.43
7.83 ± 2.81
-4.517
< 0.001
Hemoglobin (g/L)
136.50 ± 27.00
138.00 ± 21.00
-0.295
0.768
Albumin (g/L)
40.20 ± 8.40
39.68 ± 5.80
-0.247
0.805
Lymphocyte count (109/L)
1.65 ± 0.78
2.08 ± 0.94
-4.168
< 0.001
Triglyceride (mmol/L)
1.28 ± 0.31
1.47 ± 0.36
-1.940
0.052
Cholesterol (mmol/L)
4.68 ± 1.13
4.39 ± 1.62
-1.870
0.061
High-density lipoprotein (mmol/L)
1.20 ± 0.47
1.10 ± 0.39
-2.032
0.042
Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/L)
2.85 ± 1.08
2.70 ± 1.30
-0.713
0.476
Table 4 Comparison of nutritional status between the observed and control groups, n (%)
Items
Observation group (n = 105)
Control group (n = 210)
χ2/t
P value
BMI divide into groups
19.702
< 0.001
Normal
65 (61.9)
71 (35.5)
Overload
31 (29.5)
94 (47.0)
Fat
9 (8.6)
35 (17.5)
Anemia
18 (18.4)
28 (15.2)
0.465
0.495
Hypoproteinemia
24 (24.2)
20 (11.4)
7.702
0.006
Lymphocytopenia
72 (74.2)
83 (45.1)
21.773
< 0.001
Hyperlipidemic and hyperlipidemia
46 (50.0)
98 (58.7)
1.812
0.178
Simple hypertriglyceridemia
13 (14.1)
38 (22.8)
2.790
0.095
Simple hypercholesterolemia
8 (8.7)
9 (5.4)
1.057
0.304
Combined hyperlipidemia familial
3 (3.3)
7 (4.2)
0.138
0.710
Simple low HDL cholesterolemia
22 (24.7)
44 (26.7)
0.114
0.736
Table 5 Comparison of body immune status between the observed and control groups, n (%)
Items
Observation group (n = 105)
Control group (n = 210)
χ2/t
P value
Upper respiratory tract infection
73 (69.5)
99 (47.1)
14.145
< 0.001
Bronchitis or pneumonia
5 (4.8)
12 (5.7)
0.124
0.724
Gastrointestinal infection
9 (8.6)
20 (9.5)
0.076
0.783
Skin infection
3 (2.9)
9 (4.3)
0.390
0.532
High infection
74 (70.5)
114 (54.3)
7.626
0.006
Bleb
16 (15.2)
26 (12.4)
0.495
0.482
Table 6 Comparison of lifestyle and behavioral habits between the observed and control groups, n (%)
Items
Observation group (n = 105)
Control group (n = 210)
χ2/t
P value
History of tuberculosis contact
22 (21.0)
14 (6.7)
14.113
< 0.001
History of dust contact
7 (6.7)
15 (7.1)
0.024
0.876
Smoke
29.017
< 0.001
Current smoker
52 (49.5)
48 (22.8)
Non-smoker
33 (31.4)
105 (50.0)
A former smoker
13 (12.4)
18 (8.6)
Passive smoker
7 (6.7)
39 (18.6)
Drink
18.924
< 0.001
Current drinker
41 (39.0)
38 (18.1)
No drinkers
61 (58.1)
151 (71.9)
A former drinker
3 (2.9)
21 (10.0)
Whether you exercise regularly
16.625
< 0.001
Yes
42 (40.0)
128 (61.0)
No
63 (60.0)
82 (39.0)
Table 7 Results of the univariate conditional logistic regression analysis
Variable
Odds ratio
95%CI
P value
Married
0.29
0.12-0.73
0.009
Poor glycemic control
2.36
1.32-4.22
0.004
Diabetes treatment modality
Unregular treatment
1.00
-
-
Oral hypoglycaemic agent
0.76
0.41-1.44
0.401
Insulin
0.98
0.45-2.14
0.960
Oral antidiabetic drugs + insulin
0.31
0.13-0.73
0.007
History of hypertension
0.59
0.36-0.98
0.040
Body mass index divide into groups
Normal
1.00
-
-
Overload
0.38
0.22-0.66
0.001
Fat
0.32
0.14-0.70
0.005
Hypoproteinemia
2.48
1.21-5.09
0.013
Lymphocytopenia
3.91
2.12-7.21
< 0.001
History of tuberculosis contact
4.49
1.97-10.23
< 0.001
High infection
1.95
1.21-3.15
0.006
Smoke
5.12
2.61-10.7
< 0.001
Drink
3.39
1.88-6.12
< 0.001
Regular exercise
0.34
0.20-0.58
< 0.001
Table 8 Assignment statement in the multivariate logistic regression analysis of the risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus with pulmonary tuberculosis patients
Items
Assignment method
Marital status
Unmarried, divorced and widowed = 1, married = 2
Hypertension
No = 0, Yes = 1
Poor glycemic control
No = 0, Yes = 1
Diabetes treatment methods
Oral medication = 1, insulin = 2, oral medication and insulin simultaneously = 3, no regular treatment = 4
BMI grouping
BMI < 24 = 1, BMI: 24.0-27.9 = 2, BMI ≥ 28 = 3
Hypoproteinemia
No = 0, Yes = 1
Lymphocytopenia
No = 0, Yes = 1
History of tuberculosis contact
No = 0, Yes = 1
High infection
No = 0, Yes = 1
Smoke
No = 0, Yes = 1
Drink
No = 0, Yes = 1
Regular exercise
No = 0, Yes =1
Table 9 Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis of risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus with pulmonary tuberculosis
Variable
β
SE
Wald
P value
Odds ratio (95%CI)
BMI divide into groups
Normal
-
-
-
-
1.00
Overload
-1.457
0.573
6.475
0.011
0.23 (0.08-0.72)
Fat
-2.182
0.943
5.357
0.021
0.11 (0.02-0.72)
Poor glycemic control
1.215
0.568
4.581
0.032
3.37 (1.11-10.25)
Lymphocytopenia
2.876
0.844
11.622
0.001
17.75 (3.40-92.74)
History of tuberculosis contact
1.882
0.854
4.849
0.028
6.56 (1.23-35.03)
Smoke
2.506
0.805
9.686
0.002
12.25 (2.53-59.37)
Citation: Shi H, Yuan Y, Li X, Li YF, Fan L, Yang XM. Analysis of the influencing factors and clinical related characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2024; 15(2): 196-208