Effect of three-week exercise program on muscle strength and joint mobility in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy: Randomized controlled trial

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the patients, n (%)

	Intervention (n = 42)	Control (n = 40)	P value
Gender male	31 (73.8)	33 (82.5)	0.3421
Age, mean ± SD (years)	56.62 ± 7.76	56.68 ± 8.27	0.9752
DM
Type 1	5 (11.9)	8 (20)	0.3161
Type 2	37 (88.1)	32 (80)
HbA1c, mean ± SD (%)	7.93 ± 1.89	7.49 ± 1.71	0.4142
DM duration (years)	14 (10)	12 (15)	0.7053
Oral hypoglycemics (years)	10.5 (8)	10 (9)	0.9713
Subcutaneous hypoglycemics (years)	6 (10)	8.5 (20.5)	0.0983
Insulin pump	1 (2.4)	2 (5)	0.6114
Ulcer	6 (14.3)	1 (2.5)	0.1104

¹P calculated by χ² test.

²P calculated by t test.

³P calculated by Mann-Whitney U test.

⁴P calculated by Fisher’s Exact test.

DM: Diabetes mellitus.

Table 2 Range of motion examination, mean ± SD

	Intervention (n = 42)	Control (n = 40)	P value
Ankle joint
D1	46.64 ± 11.7	47.9 ± 10.03	0.604
D15	56.55 ± 11.66	48 ± 9.99	< 0.001
M6	49.4 ± 12.7	47 ± 9.25	0.332
D15-D1	9.9 ± 7.16	0.1 ± 3.26	< 0.001
M6-D1	2.76 ± 7.26	-0.9 ± 4.06	0.006
Subtalar joint
D1	21.43 ± 6.22	23.13 ± 6.47	0.230
D15	28.93 ± 4.49	22.88 ± 6.29	< 0.001
M6	25.4 ± 4.28	23 ± 5.97	0.039
D15-D1	7.5 ± 5.12	-0.25 ± 2.25	< 0.001
M6-D1	3.98 ± 6.4	-0.13 ± 3.49	< 0.001
First metatarsophalangeal joint
D1	73.81 ± 17.03	78.65 ± 19.52	0.234
D15	83.88 ± 17.51	80.63 ± 15.49	0.376
M6	75.55 ± 16.77	77.5 ± 19.81	0.631
D15-D1	10.07 ± 18.66	1.98 ± 8.39	0.014
M6-D1	1.74 ± 19.72	-1.15 ± 13.81	0.447

P calculated by independent samples t test. D: Day; M: Month; D15-D1: Change in values at day 15 compared to baseline (day 1); M6-D1: Change in values at month 6 compared to baseline (day 1).

Table 3 Foot and ankle muscle strength examination, mean ± SD

	Intervention (n = 42)	Control (n = 40)	P value
Dorsal flexors
D1	13.12 ± 4.46	16.5 ± 4.18	< 0.001
D15	15.74 ± 4.7	16.6 ± 4.27	0.388
M6	13.79 ± 3.65	15.75 ± 3.87	0.021
D15-D1	2.62 ± 1.69	0.1 ± 1.35	< 0.001
M6-D1	0.66 ± 2.38	-0.75 ± 1.94	0.004
Plantar flexors
D1	20.95 ± 6.16	26.61 ± 5.78	< 0.001
D15	24.19 ± 6.03	26.91 ± 5.88	0.042
M6	22.74 ± 5.56	25.63 ± 5.66	0.022
D15-D1	3.24 ± 1.62	0.3 ± 1.48	< 0.001
M6-D1	1.79 ± 2.18	-0.99 ± 2.08	< 0.001
Score of muscle strength
D1	13.93 ± 4.41	10.33 ± 4.13	< 0.001
D15	12.48 ± 3.84	10.3 ± 4.15	0.016
M6	12.76 ± 3.82	10.53 ± 4.27	0.014
D15-D1	-1.45 ± 1.42	-0.03 ± 0.16	< 0.001
M6-D1	-1.17 ± 1.53	0.2 ± 0.56	< 0.001

P calculated by independent samples t test. D: Day; M: Month; D15-D1: Change in values at day 15 compared to baseline (day 1); M6-D1: Change in values at month 6 compared to baseline (day 1).