Delayed treatment of diabetic foot ulcer in patients with type 2 diabetes and its prediction model

Table 1 Comparison of general demographic data, n (%)

Characteristic	NDF group (n = 210)	DF group (n = 82)	t/χ2	P value
Age (years)	51.15 ± 9.32	52.69 ± 9.15	1.283	0.201
BMI (kg/m2)	23.51 ± 3.57	25.17 ± 3.57	3.588	< 0.001
Sex	107 (50.95)	47 (57.32)	0.720	0.396
Smoking history	51 (24.29)	19 (23.17)	0.295	0.587
Alcohol history	65 (30.95)	24 (29.27)	0.060	0.807
Family history of diabetes	44 (20.95)	21 (25.61)	0.150	0.699
Hypertension	39 (18.57)	18 (21.95))	1.229	0.268
Hyperlipidemia	37 (17.62)	16 (19.51)

BMI: Body mass index; DF: Diabetic foot; NDF: Nondiabetic foot group.

Table 2 Diabetes-related indicators and complications, n (%)

Characteristic		NDF group (n = 210)	DF group (n = 82)	t/χ2	P value
Duration of diabetes (years)		10.12 ± 4.95	11.74 ± 4.84	2.554	0.012
Types	Insulin resistance	179 (85.24)	70 (85.37)	0.000	1.000
	Insufficient insulin secretion	31 (14.76)	12 (14.63)
Stages	Impaired glucose tolerance	29 (13.81)	11 (13.41)	0.008	0.996
	Type 2 diabetes stage	120 (57.14)	47 (57.32)
	Late stage of type 2 diabetes	61 (29.05)	24 (29.27)
Diabetic retinopathy		43 (20.48)	24 (29.27)	2.105	0.147
Diabetic vascular disease		69 (32.86)	30 (36.59)	0.218	0.640
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy		48 (22.86)	33 (40.24)	8.048	0.005
Diabetic nephropathy		1 (0.48)	4 (4.88)	4.426	0.035

DF: Diabetic foot; NDF: Nondiabetic foot group.

Table 3 Renal function levels, n (%)

Characteristic	NDF group (n = 210)	DF group (n = 82)	t/χ2	P value
Plasma creatinine (μmol/L)	49.7 ± 4.12	50.27 ± 4.34	1.024	0.307
Plasma urea (mmol/L)	1.35 ± 0.59	1.41 ± 0.67	0.687	0.493
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2			0.048	0.827
≥ 60	153 (72.86)	58 (70.73)
< 60	57 (27.14)	24 (29.27)

DF: Diabetic foot; NDF: Nondiabetic foot group; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Table 4 Delayed medical care, n (%)

Characteristic		NDF group (n = 210)	DF group (n = 82)	t/χ2	P value
ATMHSS score		68.71 ± 10.41	59.84 ± 9.78	6.84	< 0.001
Medical delay time	Less than 3 months	152 (72.38)	11 (13.41)	80.773	< 0.001
	More than 3 months	58 (27.62)	71 (86.59)

DF: Diabetic foot; NDF: Nondiabetic foot group; ATMHSS: Acute thrombosis and myocardial infarction health service system.

Table 5 Correlation analysis

Characteristic	Rho	P value
BMI (kg/m2)	0.206	< 0.001
Duration of diabetes (years)	0.147	0.012
Plasma glucose	0.626	< 0.001
HbA1c (%)	0.498	< 0.001
ATMHSS score	-0.364	< 0.001
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	0.175	0.003
Diabetic nephropathy	0.152	0.009
Medical delay time	-0.534	< 0.001

BMI: Body mass index; ATMHSS: Acute thrombosis and myocardial infarction health service system.

Table 6 Logistic regression analysis

	Coef	Odds ratio	B	Beta	P value
BMI (kg/m2)	0.130	1.139	3.440	0.130	< 0.001
Duration of diabetes (years)	0.067	1.069	2.481	0.067	0.013
Plasma glucose	0.775	2.171	6.459	0.775	< 0.001
HbA1c (%)	0.902	2.463	7.363	0.902	< 0.001
ATMHSS score	0.083	0.921	5.770	-0.083	< 0.001
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	0.821	2.273	2.945	0.821	0.003
Diabetic nephropathy	2.372	10.718	2.107	2.372	0.035
Medical delay time	2.828	0.059	7.88	-2.828	< 0.001

BMI: Body mass index; ATMHSS: Acute thrombosis and myocardial infarction health service system.

Table 7 Receiver operating characteristic analysis

	Sensitivities	Specificities	AUC	Youden index
BMI (kg/m2)	0.573	0.633	0.631	0.206
Duration of diabetes (years)	0.463	0.714	0.597	0.177
Plasma glucose	0.720	1.000	0.819	0.720
HbA1c (%)	0.646	0.867	0.804	0.513
ATMHSS score	0.646	0.700	0.731	0.346
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	0.402	0.771	0.587	0.173
Diabetic nephropathy	0.049	0.995	0.522	0.044
Medical delay time	0.866	0.724	0.795	0.590

BMI: Body mass index; ATMHSS: Acute thrombosis and myocardial infarction health service system; AUC: Area under the curve.