Alteration of intestinal microbiota is associated with diabetic retinopathy and its severity: Samples collected from southeast coast Chinese

Table 1 Basic characteristics compared between Group DM and Group C

Characteristic	Group DM vs Group C
	Group DM (n = 30)	Group C (n = 15)	P value
Age	55.93 ± 9.58	59.73 ± 16.46	NS
Gender, male/female	19/11	9/6	NS
Height	165.70 ± 8.07	162.20 ± 7.78	NS
Weight	64.75 ± 7.67	62.53 ± 8.29	NS
Body mass index	23.47 ± 2.21	23.73 ± 2.27	NS
Waist circumference	84.75 ± 7.78	84.67 ± 8.36	NS
Hip circumference	91.42 ± 7.32	92.07 ± 7.29	NS
Waist hip ratio	0.93 ± 0.05	0.92 ± 0.08	NS
Waist height ratio	0.51 ± 0.05	0.52 ± 0.05	NS
Systolic blood pressure	128.43 ± 11.98	127.80 ± 14.03	NS
Fasting glucose	8.29 ± 2.79	5.34 ± 0.95	< 0.01
HbA1c	9.94 ± 1.96	5.63 ± 0.31	< 0.01
Triglycerides	1.81 ± 1.82	1.72 ± 0.77	NS
LDL-C	3.00 ± 0.97	2.94 ± 0.88	NS
eGFR	92.29 ± 27.65	87.21 ± 30.00	NS

Data are presented as mean ± SD. HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; Group C: Samples with non-diabetics; Group DM: Samples with diabetics; NS: Not significant.

Table 2 Basic characteristics compared between samples with diabetic retinopathy and samples without diabetic retinopathy, as well as patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy vs patients without proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Characteristic	Group DR vs Group D			Group PDR vs Group NPDR
	Group DR (n = 15)	Group D (n = 15)	P value	Group PDR (n = 8)	Group NPDR (n = 7)	P value
Age	55.87 ± 10.54	56.00 ± 8.90	NS	58.75 ± 11.85	52.57 ± 8.44	NS
Gender, male/female	9/6	10/5	NS	3/5	3/4	NS
Diabetes duration	14.27 ± 7.27	4.045 ± 4.67	NS	15.50 ± 4.99	12.87 ± 9.49	< 0.01
height	165.13 ± 9.26	166.27 ± 6.97	NS	165.75 ± 10.12	164.43 ± 8.90	NS
Weight	64.83 ± 9.11	64.67 ± 6.24	NS	65.19 ± 9.64	64.43 ± 9.22	NS
Body mass index	23.49 ± 1.99	23.45 ± 2.48	NS	23.07 ± 1.24	23.97 ± 2.62	NS
Waist circumference	83.47 ± 8.40	86.03 ± 7.17	NS	85.75 ± 9.77	80.86 ± 6.20	NS
Hip circumference	89.53 ± 8.83	93.30 ± 5.03	NS	92.88 ± 8.17	85.71 ± 8.50	NS
Waist hip ratio	0.93 ± 0.06	0.92 ± 0.05	NS	0.92 ± 0.07	0.95 ± 0.03	NS
Waist height ratio	0.51 ± 0.05	0.52 ± 0.05	NS	0.52 ± 0.07	0.49 ± 0.02	NS
Systolic blood pressure	131.93 ± 13.27	124.93 ± 9.74	NS	135.75 ± 13.79	127.57 ± 12.15	NS
Fasting glucose	9.24 ± 2.95	7.34 ± 2.35	NS	9.61 ± 1.83	8.81 ± 4.00	NS
HbA1c	10.01 ± 1.63	9.87 ± 2.31	NS	9.26 ± 1.62	10.87 ± 1.24	NS
Triglycerides	2.18 ± 2.50	1.44 ± 0.57	NS	2.42 ± 2.90	1.90 ± 2.14	NS
LDL-C	2.78 ± 0.90	3.22 ± 1.02	NS	2.51 ± 1.16	3.09 ± 0.34	NS
eGFR	88.08 ± 32.09	96.51 ± 22.72	NS	69.33 ± 33.84	109.51 ± 7.88	< 0.05
Urine albumin creatine ratio	527.22 ± 1055.30	30.90 ± 52.89	NS	508.40 ± 731.68	548.74 ± 1404.61	NS
Serum creatinine clearance value	97.59 ± 52.53	114.66 ± 41.75	NS	94.24 ± 60.68	101.41 ± 45.96	NS
Urea nitrogen	7.65 ± 5.66	5.87 ± 2.24	NS	9.60 ± 7.24	5.41 ± 1.58	NS
Fasting insulin	61.34 ± 24.06	70.91 ± 57.40	NS	73.31 ± 19.84	47.66 ± 21.96	< 0.05
HOMA-IR	3.82 ± 2.13	3.10 ± 2.00	NS	4.53 ± 1.62	23.00 ± 2.46	NS
HOMA-B	0.40 ± 0.25	0.80 ± 1.02	NS	0.36 ± 0.13	0.45 ± 0.36	NS
Platelet	217.60 ± 55.49	203.67 ± 63.63	NS	196.63 ± 43.45	241.57 ± 61.04	NS
Mean platelet volume	11.13 ± 0.85	10.99 ± 0.79	NS	11.40 ± 0.88	10.83 ± 0.76	NS
Platelet distribution width	13.79 ± 1.58	13.95 ± 1.55	NS	14.05 ± 1.55	13.49 ± 1.67	NS
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio	2.85 ± 0.99	2.10 ± 0.86	< 0.05	2.75 ± 0.90	2.97 ± 1.15	NS
T cell count	1165.87 ± 373.69	1518.00 ± 335.85	NS	1092.75 ± 504.02	1249.43 ± 119.08	NS
B cell count	249.67 ± 82.72	378.87 ± 124.49	< 0.01	198.00 ± 57.65	308.71 ± 66.81	< 0.01
CD4+ T cell count	733.87 ± 299.45	953.2 ± 226.40	< 0.05	684.13 ± 413.77	790.72 ± 49.25	NS
CD8+ T cell count	389.40 ± 116.23	490.47 ± 137.90	< 0.05	371.88 ± 145.83	409.43 ± 76.37	NS
CD4+ to CD8+ T cell ratio	1.91 ± 0.60	2.01 ± 0.42	NS	1.85 ± 0.79	1.98 ± 0.31	NS
NK cell count	220.20 ± 85.18	462.27 ± 250.54	< 0.01	240.00 ± 114.91	197.57 ± 20.12	NS
NK cell percent	12.66 ± 3.65	19.41 ± 9.48	< 0.05	14.05 ± 4.52	11.07 ± 1.33	NS

Data are presented as mean ± SD. HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-B: Homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function; NS: No significance; Group DR: Samples with diabetic retinopathy; Group D: Samples without diabetic retinopathy; Group PDR: Patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy; Group NPDR: Patients without proliferative diabetic retinopathy.